Monday, September 30, 2019

People who do Crazy Things are not Necessarily Crazy

Every human being faces at least one affliction in his or her life that leads him or her to behave in an unusual manner. While some people obtain support from others and learn how to handle situations correctly, others fight their battles alone and find themselves committing unthinkable acts. One taking a dispositional view would allegedly reach the conclusion that those who perform these unthinkable acts must suffer from insanity. With an opposing outlook, social psychologists observe how certain individuals react to difficult circumstances and determine why particular escapades occur as a result of distinct settings. They understand that â€Å"occasionally, these natural situations become focused into pressures so great that they can cause people to behave in ways easily classifiable as abnormal† (Aronson). Humankind should strive to fathom the depth of human behavior, and simply labeling these people as psychotic only decreases the chances of doing so. Some murder trials, after examination, will prove certain individuals to be psychotic, while other proceedings linger in the mind as an obscurity. Often times, people do not want to accept the fact that not all murderers are demented. Szasz argued that we often prefer to attribute antisocial deeds to a person’s mental illness rather than to his or her intent or choice. It is difficult to accept the idea that sane people could willingly commit atrocities† (Kleinke). Thus, it remains crucial that we recognize how grievous conditions can generate one to become an eloquently volatile being. Two defined groups of individuals that account for a number of the enraged acts suggested as being â€Å"crazy† are: vulnerable persons dealing with agonizing treatment by the public and helpless minors growing up in unpleasant homes that lack affection. Considering the backgrounds of people who act deceivingly will allow society to better understand the reasons why unwanted deeds are committed and how they can be avoided. Just a few weeks ago I watched a showing on television called â€Å"Too Young to Kill: 15 Shocking Crimes† in which Eric Smith earned the second spot on the list. Smith had a full head of red hair, a face covered by red freckles to match and a thick pair of glasses for his bad eyesight. At age thirteen, this appearance never seems to be the most popular when trying to make friends. Kids continually mocked the redheaded loner and rejected his friendship. Since no one wanted to be seen spending time with the outsider, Smith exhausted most of his time bike riding in the small town he lived in. Eric Smith represents the vulnerable individual who put up with too much overwhelming treatment from his peers. Eventually, he had to cope with his anger, and he did so in a horrifying manner. One particular morning, as Smith did his routine bike ride around the town, a four year old named Derrick Robie asked his mother if he could walk alone to a summer camp that he attended just a few blocks down. Hesitantly, she agreed, only because the neighborhood was known to be exceptionally safe. Smith, riding his bicycle to the same camp, passed Robie along the way and decided to lure him into an unseen area. Smith said he saw Robie as an easy target; he knew the young boy stood defenseless. Robie was brought into a wooded area where he was brutally beaten and smashed over the head with a large rock. Smith even sodomized young Derrick by shoving a stick up his butt hole in order to stab his heart and confirm the preschooler’s death. A defense psychiatrist tried to blame the murder on Intermittent Explosive Disorder, which literally means deadly rage and anger. It is â€Å"currently categorized in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as an impulse control disorder† (Wikipedia). However, when involved in many murder case trials, one finds that â€Å"consciously or unconsciously, people who are the subject of social science research may skew results† (Levant). Since the rare disorder is seldom seen at age thirteen, jurors demanded that Smith undergo extensive medical testing. Results proved that his brain function and hormone levels were normal and had nothing to do with his sadistic behavior. A person suffering from psychosis often loses contact with reality and contains no control of his or her actions in painstaking moments. Smith confessed that he influenced naive Derrick to follow him into the woods in order to kill him in private. He knew exactly what he was doing and entirely understood the implications of his behavior. Furthermore, throughout the initial trial, he did not once apologize for killing an innocent child. Even after the crime was over with, Smith felt little remorse. It was not until the succeeding trial over a decade later that he acknowledged his wrongdoing and asked for forgiveness. Finally, he attempted to clearly answer the question that everyone had been waiting for a response to: â€Å"why did he do it? † Smith avows that he now has morals, something that he did not previously have. He asserts that no matter how minuscule an abuse situation, it all combines together to create a much larger issue for the one being bullied. Eventually, the individual will not be able to endure anymore pain and could potentially be driven to kill. Bullying can lead to a victim craving revenge and taking out anger on someone seen as less significant. Smith himself explains this behavior in his testimony by alleging that: â€Å"it is not because they’re evil or satanic little kids; it’s because they want the abuse to stop and it’s the only way they know how to. † He is aware that his actions were not a result of some form of psychosis. Instead, it was the unpleasant situation that instigated Eric Smith to act in a crazy way. Certainly he remains guilty; though, if the conditions at his school had been different, he would not have committed that terrifying crime. An even more shocking murder case than that of Eric Smith’s is the one known as â€Å"The Beltway Sniper Attacks,† which involves the juvenile known as John Lee Malvo. Fatherless throughout life, Malvo felt a strong connection at age fourteen to a man he and his mother met, John Allen Muhammad. Malvo’s mother left him with Muhammad for a long period of time until she was able to smuggle him over to Miami with her, but only as an illegal alien. Border Patrol caught them both and brought them into jail. After about a month, young Malvo was released on bail. Naturally, he longed to be in the care of the only other person he trusted: Muhammad. John Muhammad gave Malvo purpose and he even enlisted Malvo into school as his son. When Muhammad’s ex-wife, Mildred, was granted full custody of their three daughters Muhammad went berserk. Knowing that the death of his ex-wife would gain him guardianship, he thought out a plan to murder Mildred with no one suspecting him as being involved. The arrangement consisted of a killing spree that had no connection between any of the victims. This way, when the shooting of Mildred would occur, she would just be another random victim of the unknown mass murderer. Muhammad invited Malvo to participate in the homicides and told him that they could terrorize the nation together. Malvo admired Muhammad so, of course, he accepted the proposal and murdered ten innocent people as a result. Lee Boyd Malvo, holding the number one spot on the shocking crime’s list, epitomizes the deprived minor who yearns for a father figure. According to a forensic psychiatrist, Alexander E. Obolsky, the two snipers involved in the Maryland and Virginia shootings were narcissists who planned out their attacks. Malvo and Muhammad gained an emotional high from the feeling of being in charge. This conduct does not automatically indicate that the two suffer from psychosis. Obolsky affirms, â€Å"the person [the sniper] is crazy only in the sense that he does not care about people the way typical people do† (Pustovar). In agreement, forensic psychologist Dr. Neal Dunsieth insists, â€Å"the sniper might have some particular personality traits or be predisposed to strange beliefs, but I haven’t seen a lot that points to a mental illness† (Pustovar). Counselors and social workers have spent much of their time with Malvo during his nine years in prison. As reported by Carmeta Albarus-Lindo, who has absorbed over one hundred hours of her time with Malvo, Malvo has drastically turned his life around. He himself states that he habitually struggles with feelings of shame, guilt and repentance. Knowing she was just a few people away from being killed by Malvo, Mildred claims, â€Å"that boy was a victim before he even knew it. † If shot, she would have wanted the full responsibility given to her ex-husband. She fully realizes that he took complete advantage of the boy’s insecurities. Immature Malvo was just a child with a great deal of growing up to do when he first met Muhammad. Every young person needs an adult to help guide him or her through life. When growing up, people are taught that their parents know best; adolescents typically believe that this statement holds full truth. Sadly, Malvo happened to be hooked up with Muhammad as his guardian and he followed directly behind his footsteps. Lee Boyd Malvo, which is the boy’s real name, was cruelly brainwashed by the grown-up man whom he called â€Å"Father. Calling Malvo by the name of â€Å"John Lee Malvo† symbolizes the circumstances in which John Muhammad took over Lee Boyd Malvo’s essence and independence. Simply accusing all murderers of possessing some major mental disorder will in no way explain the reasoning behind numerous homicides. When assuming that all killers are psychotic, we are fundamentally â€Å"defining insanity as a label we give to people when we cannot put ourselves ourselves in their position and understand their actions† (Rosenberg). People must realize that, often times, certain motives trigger a person to kill. It is up to society to interpret the underlying incentives that are behind countless murders. It is much like Eric Smith’s attorney recently stated: â€Å"nothing will change what happened to Derrick. But maybe something can prevent what might happen to someone else’s child. † Society must study the various causes of killings and find the deeper issues behind the killer so that future outbreaks might be stopped. This is important to do so because â€Å"people who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy† (Aronson). Any human being faced with a dreadful situation risks the chance of performing a spontaneous mistake. Works Cited http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-did-eric-kill-30-06-2005/

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Cloud Computing †Risk or Opportunity Essay

Abstract Cloud computing is a term that refers to sources and computer systems available on demand through the network, which can provide a number of computer services integrated without being restricted local resources in order to make it easier for the user and include those resources space for data backup and synchronization self also includes processing capabilities software and scheduling of tasks and push e-mail and remote printing, and the user can control when it is connected to the network in these resources through a simple software interface simplifies and ignores a lot of detail and internal processes. Cloud computing has become increasingly popular because it offers users the illusion of having infinite computing resources, of which they can use as much as they need, without having to worry about how those resources are provided. It also provides greater scalability, availability, and reliability than users could achieve with their own resource The core property in cloud computing that held computing â€Å"in the cloud†; for clarity, the treatment process (and related data) is not confined to the place (places) private and unknown. Thus, this model is the antithesis of the treatment process is located in one or more of the servers are well known. Exposure model cloud of criticism and attack because of privacy advocates, for the ease of large governing the hosting companies for services cloud, and then, can impose censorship and domination, whether legal or illegal, the communication process as well as the data stored in between the user and the host company Introduction Cloud computing has become a ubiquitous term and largely discussed topic in the global information technology (IT) world. Cloud computing has changed dramatically the ways in which organizations and individuals communicate, collaborate and compute. The concept of cloud computing ensures a cost–effective transformation of utility computing principle that allows users and providers a convenient access to resources in a self-service and ‘pay as you go fashion’. Consequently, cloud computing has reduced the cost associated with system administration as well as aided in improving resource utilization and accounting. Since last few years, cloud computing has resulted in a number of positive impacts on the IT ecosystem, thereby giving rise to new markets and widely scattered new user communities (European Commission, 2012). Contextually, the concept of cloud computing is the outcome of the direct industrial needs to enhance resource utilization without intervening consumer requirements. In other words, the concept ensures the use of the available resources in more efficient manner (European Commission, 2012). The paper intends to critically examine the opportunities and the risks associated with cloud computing and draws a valid conclusion on its adoption by organizations. Cloud Computing: Definition, Models and Services Cloud computing was initially used in an academic perspective by Prof. Kenneth K Chellapa who illustrated it in 1997 at the Informs Conference in Dallas as â€Å"a computing paradigm where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic rationale rather than technical limits† (Petri, 2010). There are various definitions of cloud computing however the most appropriate and broadly accepted definition is being provided by North America National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). According to NIST, â€Å"Cloud Computing is a model for enabling convenient, on demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort to service provider interaction† (Petri, 2010). There are many cloud computing models for business purposes including: Public Cloud: Public cloud model is provided by vendors and can be accessed over the internet or private network. One or more data centers are used by this model which is shared by multiple customers (Weitz, 2010). Private Cloud: Private cloud model is managed and used internally by the organizations which utilizes ‘shared services model’ and makes variable usage of virtualized computing resources. The data stored in the model are managed within the organization (Weitz, 2010). Hybrid Cloud: As the name suggests, the hybrid model is the mixture of public cloud services and private cloud architecture. The model is designed to meet certain specific needs of customers (Weitz, 2010). Community Cloud: Community cloud model is used across the organizations having similar requirements and objectives. Community cloud model is established using public cloud services in order to ensure collaboration among the companies (Weitz, 2010). Cloud Computing Services Cloud computing services are provided mostly in the following ways: Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) has been operational in the market since many years. Currently, businesses are more interested in shifting licensing software to subscribe services particularly on the basis of per user and per month among others (Weitz, 2010). Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) includes development of such environment that allows developers to build software applications that can be offered as services to customers or to general users (Weitz, 2010). Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provides customers or users with storage, network and other various fundamental resource requirements in order to run arbitrary applications (Weitz, 2010). Literature Review According to Etro (2009), cloud computing is a recently evolved internet based technology that stores large information in servers and provides that information as services on demand to clients. Accordingly, its impact is spectacular on both consumers and companies. Furthermore, he stated that consumers can access all their documents and data from any devices such as laptops, mobile phones and tablets while the companies can rent hardware and software from the service providers and pay as they use the services like other services availed by the companies such as electricity (Etro, 2009). Petri (2010) postulates that, cloud computing is one of the most discussed IT innovations in the last few years. Hence, risk management is the most critical area which draws a serious attention. He emphasized that future is relatively uncertain when associating cloud computing with security factor. He critically points out that cloud vendors should quickly address the security and other related concerns for ensuring better customer satisfaction (Petri, 2010). According to Bein, Bein & Madiraju (2010), cloud computing is a new paradigm of computing that has evolved in the recent times as an expensive way for providing storage and software. They further stressed that many companies are moving ahead with an intention to make cloud computing easy to use. They advocated that there are huge potential for consumers to exploit the cloud computing technology (Bein, Bein & Madiraju, 2010). According to Gartner Inc (2012), continuous monitoring of cloud computing technologies and usual updates to the enterprises’ cloud strategies are necessary to prevent any cost related errors for the subsequent few years. It also stated that cloud computing technology will have significant impact on the level of its adoption over a period of time (Gartner Inc, 2012) According to Pokhriyal (2012), cloud computing would contribute towards increasing complexities relating to data storage and users access to applications as well as other frequently conducted processes. She also stated that risk of exposure of critical data is more with the use of cloud computing technology. She advocated that business firms may also witness security breaches and hacking that shall make the cloud storage relatively ineffective and inefficient (Pokhriyal, 2012). According to Willcocks, Venters, & Whitey (2011), cloud computing technology is changing the ways of IT business services in terms of data delivering and managing. Accordingly, cloud computing has escalated the importance of delivering effective services and for this reason the IT and business services urgently need to raise the level of service competency and should focus on the availability of quality services to meet the customer expectations (Willocks, Venters, & Whitley, 2011). In the words of Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili (2012), cloud computing has the potential to bring certain drastic changes in the organizations as witnessed in case of the internet during the last decade of the 20th century. They emphasized that by applying cloud computing technology without proper care and due-diligence may result in unforeseen problems. Consequently, executives must be aware of risks and other issues of cloud computing in order to derive significant benefits out of the provided services (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). According to Santos, Gummadi, & Rodrigues (2012), cloud computing enables organizations to cut costs associated with resource storage, network bandwidth and other relevant data. However, they argued that concerns about the privacy, confidentiality and integrity of the data and computation can be considered to be the major deterrents for those organizations which are looking forward to embrace cloud computing (Santos, Gummadi, & Rodrigues, 2012). According to Hinchcliffe (2009), cloud computing will transform IT business scenario by a large extent and it will have to balance between the risks and the benefits associated with cloud computing models. Therefore, he points out certain major risks associated with such transformations including security of organizational data that is stored in the cloud, loss of control over cloud resources and reliability factor. He also stated that the efficient use of cloud computing will enable market validation and prototyping of new approaches at much faster and relatively less expensive rate than ever before (Hinchcliffe, 2009). According to Weitz (2010), cloud computing will be playing a major role in the future of IT and shall bring in enormous opportunities for the organizations. Consequently, he stated that larger organizations will also have an opportunity for cutting the existing costs of IT infrastructure with the use of cloud computing models. However, he also highlighted the risks related with cloud computing and expressed his deep concerns relating to the security and confidentiality of certain relevant data (Weitz, 2010). Hyek (2011) in his report, ‘Cloud Computing Issues and Impacts’, postulated that, cloud computing models should comply with laws and regulations in each of its operations. The processing of data by the cloud service providers must be in conformity with governments’ requirements (Hyek, 2011). According to Curtis, Heckman, & Thorp (2010), the most important factor related with the cloud computing model is the concern about the security and privacy of data while adopting cloud computing models (Curtis, Heckman, & Thorp, 2010). According to the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (2010), in its report, ‘Cloud Computing: Opportunities and Challenges for Australia’ considers the importance of government and its roles in encouraging researchers and business sectors to adopt cloud computing models. The report emphasized that government should formulate strategies that initiate business sectors to adopt cloud models for their resource and application requirements. The report precisely described the responsibility of the cloud service providers in terms of proper management of data in order to prevent any situation that may result in loss of vital data (Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 2010). According to Catteddu & Hogben, (2009) cloud services provide expedient storage accessible by various devices along with other benefits including useful communication and instant multi-point collaboration. They also emphasized that level of risk may tend to vary significantly based on the type of cloud model. It is for this reason that customers should be aware of the probable risks associated with cloud computing models and they should strive to transfer the risks to the providers (Catteddu & Hogben, 2009). Characteristics of Cloud Computing A few of the relevant characteristics of cloud computing are elaborated below: On-Demand Self Service: Cloud computing providers offer various computer services such as applications, e-mail and network without involving human interaction with various service providers engaged in certain specific services only. Currently, there are multiple organizations that provide cloud computing services based on on-demand self services such as Google, Amazon Web, Microsoft and IBM among others (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Broad Network Access: Cloud services are available over the network, specifically over the internet and are accessed through certain standard mechanisms such as personal laptops, mobile phones, tablets and iPads among others (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Resource Pooling: The cloud computing models of the providers are shared with various resources in order to serve multiple clients. The resources united together may consist of processing, network bandwidth, storage of data, memory, virtual machines and email service (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Rapid Elasticity:The capacities of cloud services can be swiftly and elastically provisioned, in a few instances robotically as well to quickly balance out and release to scale in quickly. Furthermore, the capacities accessible for provisioning frequently emerge to be infinite and can be procured in any amount at any time (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Measured Services: The resource usage of cloud computing can be measured and reported to both providers and customers related to the amount of services utilized. Hence, cloud computing service providers charge the customers for the resources that they have actually used i.e. ‘pay as you use’. Considering the fact, more the customers utilize the cloud computing services, more they have to pay and vice-versa (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Multi-tenacity: Multi-tenacity is one key characteristics related to cloud computing which is being advocated by Security All iance. Multi-tenacity is related with the requirement for segmentation, ‘policy-driven enforcement’, control, service levels, billing models and isolation for the different consumer requirements (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Cloud Computing: Opportunities and Risk Assessment Cloud Computing Opportunities Opportunities derived from cloud computing are related with cost reduction to increase flexibility and decrease complexity which benefits the customers in terms of higher returns on their investments. Certain vital opportunities and benefits provided by cloud computing comprise: Cost Saving: Cloud computing customers are liable to pay merely for computing services and resources that they use rather than making permanent investments on resources or leasing equipments that may or may not be utilized fully at all times. Cloud computing enables to share IT resources with multiple organizations and facilitates them to access as per their requirements which can be related as operating expenses (OPEX) and not as capital expenses (CAPEX) (Petri, 2010). Speed of Deployment: Cloud service providers can meet the needs of the organizations for computing resources quickly and efficiently than other internal informati on technology functions. The customers do not have to wait for months for crunching large data. They can simply rent resources for limited period and can avail huge benefits at considerably reduced time (Petri, 2010). Scalability and Better Alignment of Technology Resources: An organization is able to scale up as well as down its capability from a single server to multiple numbers of servers with no capital expenses through the use of cloud service models. An organization is also able to deploy additional storage capacity over the web (Petri, 2010). Decreased Efforts in Managing Technology: Owning and operating of IT functions are often costly and time consuming. However, cloud computing enables an organization to concentrate more time on its purposes and goals (Petri, 2010). Environmental Benefits: Cloud computing also results in environmental benefits. If all the organizations replace their private data centers with cloud computing, it will significantly reduce the overall power consumption and carbon emissions (Petri, 2010). Higher Value Added: Cloud computing does not only provide software functionality but it also provides the customers with relevant information and data which was traditionally supposed to be created by the customers themselves (Petri, 2010). Cloud Computing Risks Risk is an event that prevents the organizations from achieving their determined purposes and objectives. Certain risks associated with cloud computing are stated below: Disruptive Force: Facilitating innovation and cost saving aspects can itself be viewed as risk to the existing cloud computing organizations. By lowering the barriers to entry, new competitors may pose a serious threat to certain cloud computing business models (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Residing In the Same Risk Ecosystem as the Cloud Service Provider (CSP) and Other Tenants of the Cloud: Organizational reliance on third party involved in managing cloud solutions will increase legal responsibility and incident escalation among other core areas. By following the actions of CSP may impact the organizations in certain direct and indirect ways (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Lack of Transparency: A cloud computing service provider does not facilitate complete information regarding its processes and oper ations. Consequently, cloud customers have only little knowledge about the storage locations and algorithms that are implemented or used by the cloud service providers in relation to computing and controlling resources of customers’ data (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Reliability and Performance Issues: Even though efficiency of cloud computing may get disrupted due to risk events such as system failure that may occur without any early alerts to the end users. Hence, system failure may be viewed as a distinctive challenge posed to cloud computing (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Security And Compliance Concerns: Cloud computing supports various processes that may tend to evolve security and retention concerns in relation to its compliance with certain specific laws such as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). The cloud service providers may have no obligation to reveal such information associated with privacy of certain laws such as US Patriot Act and EU Data Protection Directives among others (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). High Value Cyber Attack Targets: The over-dependence of multiple organizations on single cloud service providers may tend to create vulnerability of cyber attacks then those used by a single organization (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Risk of Data Leakage: The risk of data leakage is also more where multiple organizations share their resources through cloud environment. Consequently, cloud service providers do not provide adequate data privacy and confidentiality of resources which the organizations intend to secure from intruders (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Conclusion Cloud computing has changed dramatically the ways in which the organizations communicate, collaborate and compute. In general, cloud computing refers to delivery of scalable IT resources over the web particularly internet. An organization can purchase or rent software on need basis or according to usage which results in less investment and consumption on the part of the organization. Cloud computing facilitates the organizations to manage their IT requirements remotely, at much lowered costs. It further enables organizations to share resources in a single place or through a single cloud service provider. The organizations do not have to make heavy investments on establishment of their own IT infrastructure as cloud computing models provide organizations with established database for fulfillment of their IT demand. Moreover, organizations and users are charged or billed on the basis of their resource consumption. Despite having numerous benefits of adopting cloud computing models, there also exist certain risk factors which restrict the scope of cloud computing. Security and privacy are the prime issues restricting the adoption of cloud computing. Since multiple organizations will be consolidated on single cloud computing, there exists more vulnerability of data hacking. Consequently, cloud computing service providers do not guarantee the adequate safety for data losses and leakages which at times deters organizations from adopting cloud computing solutions. Nonetheless, if organizations cautiously consider the risk factors associated with cloud computing related solutions then these risk events can be overcome efficiently. Considering this aspect, it can be stated that organizations should adopt cloud computing solutions. By adopting cloud computing solutions, they can avail numerous opportunities that shall help them to grow and sustain their business profitably. References Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. (2010). The roles of government in cloud computing. Cloud computing: opportunities and challenges for Australia, pp. 13-19. Bein, D., Bein, W. & Madiraju, P. (2010). Web applications and cloud computing. The impact of cloud computing on web 2.0, pp. 1-6. Curtis, W. B., Heckman, C. & Thorp, A. (2010). Security and Privacy Considerations. Cloud computing: e-discovery issues and other risk, pp. 1-5. Catteddu, D. & Hogben, G. (2009). Top security risks. Cloud Computing: Benefits, Risks And Recommendations For Information Security Cloud Computing, pp. 2-125. Etro, F. (2009). Features and implications of cloud computing. The economic impact of cloud computing on business creation, employment and output in Europe, pp. 2-33. European Commission. (2012). Introduction & background. Advances in clouds, pp. 1-7. Gartner Inc. (2012). Gartner outlines five cloud computing trends that will affect cloud strategy through 2015. Retrieved from http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1971515 Horwath, C., Chan, W., Leung, E. & Pili, H. (2012). COSO enterprise risk management for cloud computing. Enterprise Risk Management For Cloud Computing, pp. 1-20. Hyek, P. (2011). Security and privacy. Cloud computing issues and impacts, pp. 12-46. Hinchcliffe, D. (2009). Eight ways that cloud computing will change business. Retrieved from http://www.majorcities.org/generaldocuments/pdf/zdnet_eight_ways_that_cloud_computing_will_change_business.pdf Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, (2012). Essential characteristics of Cloud Computing. Retrieved from http://www.isaca.org/Groups/Professional-English/cloud-computing/GroupDocuments/Essential%20characteristics%20of%20Cloud%20Computing.pdf Pokhriyal, R. (2012). Cloud computing myths explained: part 1. Retrieved from http://www.cloudtweaks.com/2012/10/cloud-computing-myths-explained-part-1/ Petri, G. (2010). Risks of cloud computing. Shedding light on cloud computing, pp. 25-30. Santos, N., Gummadi, K. P. & Rodrigues, R. (2012). Towards trusted cloud computing. Retrieved from http://www.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/papers/trusted_cloud.pdf Willcocks, L., Venters, W. & Whitley, E. A. (2011). Clear view of the cloud: The business impact of cloud computing. Cloud computing, (1). Weitz, C. (2010). Barriers of cloud computing. A Balancing Act What Cloud Computing Means For Business, And How To Capitalize On It, pp. 1-9.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Biography of Jorge Chavez

Jorge Chavez was thought to be the country I was born in Peru and was the first hero who tried to jump over the Alps. He crashed on his landing so he did not reach his goal, but his courage and courage was the crucial factor in his career success when he lived. Therefore, in this article we will investigate the performance in Wes' aviation industry and explain how he is fascinated by the aviation industry. Jorge Chavez was born in Paris, Jorge Chavez Dartnell was born in Paris, France on 13th June 1887. Cesar Chavez Cesar Chavez was born in a small town near Yuma, Arizona on March 31, 1927. Cesar was born in a somewhat poor family. Cesar grew up in Arizona and lived with her parents at a small farm house (United Farm Workers 1). - Over the years, individuals have shown that they can make a difference. People dedicated to the cause are brought up with honor, integrity, and courage. Cesar Chavez is such a person. He represents people, transcends their own needs, and meets the needs of people. Cesar Chavez says the best free form has the highest discipline. He lives according to this standard and fights freedom with the highest dignity and character. He often finds himself on the wrong side of decision-making. A provocative new biography on 'Cesar Chavez Crusade' (Bloomsbury), Miriam Pavel Reevaluated with a Grunge Chavez's Legacy For many years, the basic discourse of Chavez's work has been deeply praised for this cause, deeply meditative It was a narration by writer Jack E. Levi. Former reporter Pawell of the Los Angeles Times fixed a project that studded stars. Her previous work, Alliance of their dreams (2009) explored co-farm workers by focusing on their incumbent orders. After talking to people who helped build the alliance, Pavel critically read many of Chavez's actions. Jorge Chavez was thought to be the country I was born in Peru and was the first hero who tried to jump over the Alps. He crashed on his landing so he did not reach his goal, but his courage and courage was the crucial factor in his career success when he lived. Therefore, in this article we will investigate the performance in Wes' aviation industry and explain how he is fascinated by the aviation industry. - Obertura Republicana of Carlos Chavez is the political motivation of the orchestra. This work is based on Mexican Indian tradition. This work includes arrangement of traditional military parade called Zacatecas, famous Sharon Waltz, Cape Verde Club and revolutionary work Laer derita. After listening several times, I must say that this is a loud, exaggerated, marching, Mexican style voice. For me it is no doubt that it is a country relationship.

Friday, September 27, 2019

TERM PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TERM PAPER - Essay Example healthcare system. The emergence of new diseases and continuous growth of the population have triggered the need to modernize disease prevention and public health systems. In the past, the clamor for a National Health Insurance was the outcry of many administrations – in the U.S. and many countries in Europe. Recently however, the Obama administration has pushed for the full implementation of its once a campaign platform but now has become a law, the Affordable Care Act or what is popularly known as the ObamaCare. The aim of this law is to implement within the next ten years an Information System for the healthcare sector and to invest $10 billion annually for the many programs about health insurance and address the problems and challenges of healthcare. Modernizing disease prevention and public health systems is a question of policies and political will. If there is political will, all things are possible under the sun. But what should be modernized? The Medicare and the Medi caid are two healthcare programs that insure U.S. citizens but the system is already rotten and needs to be reprogrammed to address healthcare problems of the people. Medicare was designed to provide healthcare insurance to seniors and the disabled. It was run by the government to focus on reimbursing healthcare expenses and financed by federal taxes but also shared by payroll tax from employers and their workers, to include individual enrollees. Medicare covers hospitalization expenses, physician fees, and expenses for drugs. Medicare Gaps The Medicare program has many gaps which need review and so-called modernization. For example, insurance lacks nursing services, inadequate preventive care insurance, and no insurance for dental, loss of hearing, or vision. Since there is lack of insurance, some enrollees resort to supplemental insurance and so more expenses for the citizens. This gap needs to be reviewed and covered by the ObamaCare, or the Affordable Care Act launched by the pr esent administration. The Medicaid is a government insurance program for the poor and the disabled. It is also the program for poor pregnant women, children, seniors, disabled, and poor parents. Although it’s a federal program, states are given the leeway to improve the coverage and eligibility options. (Chua, 2006, p. 2) Incentives for Prevention of Chronic Diseases Stakeholders in disease prevention should be provided with government incentives. Again this is a question of policies. Policy makers should be able to determine the areas where care is most needed, know the various stakeholders and identify their motivational factors where they could be effective in disease prevention, and develop systems in accessing the incentives. (Singh as cited in Committee on Living Well with Chronic Disease: Public Action to Reduce Disability and Improve Functioning and Quality of Life, Institute of Medicine, 2011, p. 240) Modernizing Disease Prevention and Public Health Systems Problems in healthcare require new ways of detection and prevention of illness. Aids and other virus-triggered diseases are considered new diseases that require new techniques and methods. A. Clinical and Community Preventive Services When there is improved collaboration among health professionals and the community, there is increased reduction in health disparities, deaths and morbidity. Public and private sectors should focus more on the 65-years-and-older sector as this is growing. This is composed of Baby Boomers who

Thursday, September 26, 2019

How was social media influenced Zara market Dissertation

How was social media influenced Zara market - Dissertation Example ZARA, the brand of Inditex group, has skyrocketed for success despite its contrasting model of business than typical fashion brands. The primary and secondary research based was conducted to assess the performance of successful ZARA in social media. The results revealed that customers value social sites of ZARA at a higher rate than competitor’s brand. The dominant reasons for this following remained the value attributed to customer driven fashion which in turn results in increased customers’ love for brand. The results have also revealed the potential of another inch of success for ZARA. This can be gained by moving a mile towards sales generation impulse at social media sites. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1. BACKGROUND 3 1.2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 8 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 8 1.4. METHODOLOGY 9 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1. SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS ROLE IN THE BUSINESS 10 2.2. CHALLENGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA 14 2.3. IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON CUSTOMER 15 2.4. MARKETING AND SOCIAL MEDIA STRATEGY OF ZARA 16 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20 4. DATA ANALYSIS 22 6. LIST OF REFERENCES 36 7. APPENDIX 40 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND Within the technological development and its intervention in businesses, the move of social media is being defined as driver of strategic imperative. Social media has resulted in massive wipe out of distance barrier across the world. Different social mediums have been developed for different purpose such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Google Plus, and so on. Each social medium is targeting different and overlapping set of user base. The core of wide range of benefits from social media remains in the increased power of customers towards business. Therefore, businesses also have to expand their presence to almost all social mediums in order to expand reach to the customers on the virtual world. Among different organizations that have received impact from the social media, the ZARA is also one o f them. ZARA is fast fashion brand of the Spanish group Inditex. ZARA contributes nearly 66.11% o the total revenue of Inditex (Inditex, 2012). ZARA foothold in different market is as follows: DIVISION MARKETS NO. OF STORE AMERICA 18 219 EUROPE 43 1296 ASIA AND REST OF WORLD 25 410 (Inditex, 2012) Other highlights about ZARA are as follows: (Inditex, 2012) ZARA has set an example for businesses as it has become multibillion dollar brand without massive advertisement like other competitors (Parekh, 2013). ZARA only employees 0.3% of its revenue on advertisement and generates its success from word of mouth (Bhagwat, 2011). This word of mouth is generated from the highly fashion sensitive customer base of ZARA which constitute following age group and characteristics: (Sardar, 2013) This word of mouth and customer reviews from the business model of ZARA in contrast to the traditional model as follows: (Sardar, 2013) The social media has also impacted ZARA like other brands in the fashio n industry. However, as a matter of fact that fashion retailer ZARA has always been in deviation to the typical trend of fashion retailer and have managed to won the game of competition, the social media standing of ZARA is also different and light than other brand (Bulman, 2010). According to the Akahoshi (2012) ZARA is a social brand for the reason that it has applied information from the social media to refine and update innovation and art in its products. The distribution of fans for ZARA for the last six months for

Incident at Oglala Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Incident at Oglala - Movie Review Example This film does an excellent job at unpacking exactly what happened on that fateful day in the 1970s, and presenting many sides of the issue, it fails to address the wider concerns of colonization and dehumanization that really plagued the reservation system, and the systemic violence that allows this type of incident to occur, or even worse, encourages them. This film has many excellent attributes. Probably the best thing about it is that it features heavy use of first person recounts of what happened that day, from everyone involved, including Leonard Peltier, the man eventually (and probably wrongfully) convicted of the murders. This allows the viewer to understand the complexity of the situation, and the emotions that were so prevalent for everyone involved. This also forms an excellent story telling technique, allowing the audience to see first-hand the he said/she said dynamic that occurred in the aftermath of the shooting, including at trial. This technique demonstrates the impossibility of ever fully knowing what occurred when a violent event happened, and the fact that a balance of contradictory evidence must be sought to render a decision. This also removes the idea, so prevalent in many documentaries, that there is an absolute truth that the documentary is trying to expose. It gives the impression that this documentary is trying to truly unpack what happened, and present all sides of the evidence to the viewer, rather than simply trying to sway their mind. This makes it seem more well rounded than other documentaries like Fahrenheit 911 or Bowling for Columbine, which establish a villain and then try to undermine them. Another excellent aspect of this documentary is that it does not get tied up in the minutia of what actually happened during the shooting, but moves on to proximate causes of it. Instead of, for instance, spending a great deal of time on the unanswerable question of who shot first, or how the shootout occurred, it

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Critical Thinking Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking Analysis - Assignment Example They have used nutritious attractive palatable words to our ears that if not verified using high definition quality glasses then the society may consequently end up with skewed information. These vindications should be filtered in the screens of truth with voices of reasons to come up with authentic information rather than assertions without evidences (Bowers & Ramalho, 2010). It is prudent to understand that as much as the graduate programs should be aligned to skills that develop human person holistically, authentic leadership is a vital ingredient to any form of leadership. It spices leadership to unimaginable heights. To inculcate authentic leadership, one needs to examine his or her internal compass (George, Sims & Gergen, 2013).Those intuitions that drive an individual to determine what is wrong and right and despite influence from the external surrounding they stand firm and unshaken in terms their values. True self evaluation pulls individual towards leadership. Furthermore, those who are driven by the desire to propagate the above inclination have always believed that their generation was much better than the succeeding generations. For this reason, they don’t factor in the changes and dynamics of evolution that have taken place from there generations. The climates of trends that are emerging every minute in our society today are clear man ifestation that changes are eminent. Understandable the most startling thing in life is change. They have failed to acknowledge change as time flies at incredible speed (Houser & Oman, 2011). Signature pedagogy is described in the articles as one of the daunting challenges to professional education where if inculcated then one can think with them. As much this is real, it should be noted that this signature deludes professionals who are not welcome to diversity and dynamics of societal issues. They are normally unable to

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Consequences of Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy Research Paper

Consequences of Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy - Research Paper Example (Mian et al, 2008). Another source of captive demand was the money market funds. This boosted their yields since they were required to hold only the high rated securities. The managers that funded these securities knew well what gamble they were playing with these funds but could not resist the temptations and benefit it came with them. The managers also hoped that if any shock arose from these funds, their immediate competitors would also face the same consequences which would result in a reduced reputational cost and this may result in the government interference and may end up supporting these companies through incentives and lowering of taxation. The problem was even strict and severe in the short bond funds. In contrast to the market funds, short bonds fund are not restricted to the types of gadgets they can own. Generally the regulation relies greatly on credit- rating agencies procedures of risks without understanding the incentive created on the regulatory game system. As sta ted, (Morris and Shin, 2002) in circumstances where there are numerous equilibrium, an increase in public information does not necessarily to enhance welfare since it can direct to unproductive bank runs. (Diamond and Dybvig 1983 ). Lack of transparency The other major problem that contributed to the downfall to bankruptcy of the Lehman Brother company was the lack of transparency in big markets. In the last ten years the market for acclaimed default swaps grew uncontrolled from almost zero to 44 trillion, which was more than the of the us stock market in twice the number. Generally the levels of these contracts were very low and did not exist... This paper aims to summarize economic repercussions of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, that essentially marked the beginning of the global financial crisis. Many companies around the world are affected by bankruptcy at a certain time in their financial year. When a company is declared bankrupt, it can no longer invest in the stock exchange. The government declares the company insolvent. An example of such company is the Lehman Brothers, a housing and real estate company that went into bankruptcy in 2008. Regulatory constraints brought about the inflation demand for products thus seeing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac getting the approval of investing in these securities. Another source of captive demand was the money market funds. This boosted their yields since they were required to hold only the high rated securities. The managers that funded these securities knew well what gamble they were playing with these funds but could not resist the temptations. The managers also hoped that if any shock arose from these funds, their immediate competitors would also face the same consequences. The effect that accrues from a company being declared as bankrupt is huge. Businesses and companies should ensure that they adopt proper measures that will make them stay healthy and avoid being insolvent. They should do this by getting involved and seeking support from the government especially if the business is new in the market. The business should also encourage investors from foreign and local to invest in them.

Monday, September 23, 2019

Evaluation of the Company's Strategy Coursework - 2

Evaluation of the Company's Strategy - Coursework Example The well connected digital world has become the birth place of various trends of globalization, which has continued to emerge from various developed as well as emerging markets. Because of the process of globalization, demands for new products and services are being formed in the markets all over the world. The demands of new kinds of products and services in the global markets are resulting in the generation of multiple business opportunities. Companies around the world are increasingly moving to the new markets to tap the new business opportunities and thereby attend significant growth in their business. This particular assignment focuses on Tesco which is the major retailer in the UK market. The assignment discusses about the evaluation of the strategy of Tesco in the current times, from the angle of sustainability. Introduction The emergence and rapid development of technology has brought in a major change in the competition dynamics existing in any market around the world. The n ew technology has triggered the rise of new trends of globalization, which has automatically increased the flow of knowledge in the global markets. ... As a result of market entry by numerous international firms, the level of competitions in the global markets has gone up significantly. Also, the rise of competition in the markets all around the world has resulted in the process of increase of choice of alternatives for the consumers, thereby increasing the buyer’s power. In this case, the focus is on the UK based retailer Tesco. The UK based retailer Tesco has presence in around 12 markets and has team strength of more than 530,000 people (Tesco -1, 2013). The core purpose of Tesco is to make things better in an integrated manner. The values of the company can be linked to high dedication towards the customers, equal treatment along with the focus on achieving growth through creation of opportunities and values for the various stakeholders (Tesco-2, 2013). In this case, the company is looking forward to develop a sustainable strategy while significantly evaluating the currently existing strategy of the company. Analysis and critical evaluation of Tesco’s strategic position In focusing on the critical evaluation of the strategic position of Tesco, it can be stated that the company in the current times has presence in various continents like US, UK, Europe and Asia. The UK based retailer has presence in multiple countries around the world which includes UK, US, Lotus, Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Kipa, Ireland, Korea, Malaysia, China and India (Tesco -3, 2013). The portfolio of the company comprises of grocery, food, electronics, financial services, clothing, furniture, retailing of books, internet services, software, music downloads and DVD rental. The company’s growing market share and a strong presence in the

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Homeland Security Essay Example for Free

Homeland Security Essay Homeland Security is a cabinet level agency in the federal government. Its birth came after the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001. Its main goals were to deter terrorism on U. S. soil and the safety of the American infrastructure. It has been reported many times the trouble this department is having getting off the ground. â€Å"Hardly a day goes by without some fresh report on a contract gone bad, a new technology that does not work, a new Coast Guard cutter that is not seaworthy, or more cargo that slips through port without inspection† (Light, 2007). Every year new assessments of the department including Congress, the 9/11 Commission and the departments own inspector general gives it low grades for job satisfaction, management, and leadership. Just some of the problems it is having are high turnover, internal bureaucratic struggles and structural problems. So with all that said it is having problems reaching many of its outlined goals. It still needs funding, authority, better strategy for protecting American soil, personnel, better screening at airports for passengers and employees, and better technology to find weapons such as explosives. Improved intelligence capabilities are probably the most important. Border security issues were the founding fathers main focus when he was with the agency and I am in agreement. Securing our countries boarders on a daily basis is the Homeland security’s main concern. The military that has done that job up until now but with the world being global we need to separate the two and give each their own set of ground rules to operate at an optimum level. The merging of immigration and customs enforcement can only help in making this department function at a level the American public can be proud of with the goals of this office being completed (Magleby, O’Brien, Light, Peltason, Cronin, 2006). Even with all its imperfections I still believe that it is a needed department in our government. A somewhat more rigid department to handle military type action on homeland soil was needed and was realized on 9/11. We had been living in a glass house and it was just a matter of time. The partnership it is creating with state and local governments especially with intelligence from federal sources will build a safer America. After the disaster of Katrina in 2005 it was more obvious that this newly formed department would need some redesign in its structure. But I think with having Homeland Security it will help to build a better military. This would allow more forces to be deployed outside our borders when needed. I think now if Homeland Security had been up to par, would we still be in Iraq or would the troops the Republicans so desperately want to send be there and back by now? Reference: Light, P. (2007, Spring). The homeland security hash. Wilson Quarterly, 31(2). Magleby, D. B. , O’Brien, D. , Light, P. , Peltason, J. W. , Cronin, T. E. (2006). Government by the People: National, State, and Local 21st. Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Culture And Globalisation At Wal Mart Management Essay

Culture And Globalisation At Wal Mart Management Essay Culture matters because globalisation creates one of the most important achievements in todays world. The global market provides tremendous opportunity for businesses moving all around the world. Understanding cultural difference will only increase the success of companies going aboard. Global companies enter a worlds with different currencies and behavior norms. The workforce become diverse to due to changes made to global company going abroad, which natural creates challenges when setting up business in a new country. Many companies are global; therefore cultural understanding is a key part to a successful business globalization provides better opportunities to company investing in a new market. The internationalisation of business has exposed firms to large range of norms for doing business; therefore they need to determine value assumption. This essay will show how Wal-Mart the largest retail chain details with cultural difference when opening its doors to Japan Market. Wal-Mart cannot directly transfer its corporate culture of low-cost, high -bulk model, hugely successful in US, to Japan. Wal-Mart is moving into a complete new market, they must enter the market as a blank canvas. Roger Mark clear state in order to have global success, its no longer enough to have a hot new product that will save time, or a novel idea that could revolutionize an industry. You also need to understand the cultural values, behaviour styles, negotiating techniques and business practices of the country where you are doing business. Wal-Mart and Japan have different habits. Wal-Mart is moving more to cut middleman and forcing stores to remain open for 24 hours. The Japanese culture is based more on fresh produce and in high demand for perishable goods rather processed food. They are known for the high demand of quality good and high income. Wal-Mart is trying to force their low cost high bulk and badly quality product on the Japanese market. The company must wonder if their own c orporate culture is enough to solve the problems with diverse cultures. If the company itself does not understand the cultural differences it faces can it reap the benefits? Culture is comprised of both value and norms. Culture is a social interest which clearly identifies people interest, thoughts and behaviours. In order for Wal-Mart to survive they must manage cultural diversity because this is in many stages of the internationalization of the business and in all form of the market entry. Wal-Mart is more based on Ethnocentrism rather than Polycentrism. When entering a new market the business needs to adapt to the specific taste of local people. Wal-Mart cannot deliver the same layout of stores throughout the world, they must adapt to culture. According to Kurt Barnard It was a dumb thing for Wal-Mart to do, By not understanding cross-cultural influences and not changing the format of their stores to fit cultural differences, Wal-Mart will be unable to compete in foreign markets. Even fast franchise McDonald learned their lesson in Indian. Now a day McDonalds has localize in products to for reason of taste and to reference of the local culture therefore creating regional flavors for particular ma rkets. If the statement by Kurt Barnard is true Wal-Mart did not have a chance in Japan. Wal-Mart needs to learn new ways of doing business overseas. If we consider the Japanese culture we can clearly see that there living space is much smaller than average American house, therefore high-bulk model will not relate to them. Wal-Mart must understand their behaviour first in order to respect the local culture of Japan. What to Japanese consider normal or better as to product and quality? Once Wal-Mart determines this can use the information to better sales campaigns and business interactions instead of using one approach that they believe works everywhere. The firm must determine the countries norms therefore must have cross- cultural awareness between the Japanese and American culture. Wal-Mart needs to determine japan culture norms and values. Japanese culture is based on community, family and being part of large group. Why has Wal-Mart failed in the Japanese Market first time because it has treated the japan market the same as everywhere else. Global companies need to know that half of business performs acquisition fail because they do not input measures that deal with cultural differences. Wal-Mart acquired a Japanese business. This should of allowed them understand the culture compare to its competitors like Carrefour who learn the hard way. Companies must require the knowledge of the local culture and the way of doing things. One of issues Wal-Mart faced was language barriers in Japan. Wal-Mart is using English-speaking executives to run a retail operation that heavily depends on a detailed understanding of domestic culture. Global company must understand that languages can influence the business in so many ways. Language is the most important aspect to the bu siness success because this should unlock local societies. Wal-Mart knew fully well when entering markets like Japan through acquisition brings together employees from Seiyu with employees from Wal-Mart who speak different languages should have adopted a language that can be related to local people. Ideally the international managers in Wal-Mart should be Bi-multilingual. Most American firms tend to slow down their English rather than study the language of Japan The American companies that have succeeded in Japan have done so by using Japanese executives and allowing a significant amount of autonomy. Wal-Mart however seems to be making the same mistake it did in Germany, relying too much on American executives, and not enough on local control. We can clearly see that all Global Companies are faced with many problems which range from language, pricing and culture collisions because cultural differences shape the use and interpretation of words. Edward hall drew a useful distinction b etween low and high context cultures. Many Asian countries are seen as high cost cultures. Business need to be aware that problems will natural arises when high and low cost culture businesses get together. The model is useful in understanding why different cultures might communicate differently because High context south Asian culture companies differ so widely from their low -culture western cultures. When companies go global their main objective should be to handle any difficulties face with culture because once mistakes are made they are hard to fix. This will only destroy the global company operation in the host country. All corporation must have multicultural awareness is a vital to a successful business you must know particular industry you are entering. If you do not do this the success of the business is slim. Wal-Mart must localize and do things the Japanese way by encouraging local branch decision making, building local supplier contracts and using local promotion schemes on the other hand Wal-Mart was more focus on doing things the American Way. Wal-Mart did not consider the taste of Japanese people. National culture has a powerful influence on peoples interpretations, understandings, and assessments of those with whom they work-Cultural values can affect decision making, managerial style, interpersonal trust, teamwork, and the role of women in the workplace, among other issues. In order to have successful entry Wal-Mart needed to collect correct and accurate information. Managers in Wal-Mart should undertake An intercultural training course such as Managing International Teams or Managing International Mergers and Acquisitions will give international managers involved in a merger or acquisition the insights they need to develop an effective working culture that plays to the strengths of their multicultural teams and maximises the cultural benefits of their companys acquisition. Japanese Culture is completely different to the Wal-Mart American culture. Hofstede clearly shows the differences between the American and Japanese culture. Cultural dimensions can provide details allowing global companies to deliver the best cultural system with a great outcome. Hofstedes cultural dimensions clearly layout the cultural difference of countries or societies. Wal-Mart adopted a management style that did not sit well with the Japanese people. Wal-Mart persuaded Seiyus management in 2004 to dismiss 25% of headquarters staff, including 1,500 employees and managers. That kind of mass firing happens rarely in Japan, which places a premium on social harmony. And when the firing is done at the behest of foreigners, it takes on added negative connotations. Geert Hofstede (1984) clearly stated that culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another.Hofstede research show how national culture can also affect the work force in an organisation. Wal-Mart did not use the Greenfield Investment, which involved entering a country without a partner from the host country. Wal-Mart did the opposite so it should be fully aware of the effect of the Japanese culture. It is up to the managers in corporation to understand culture. Hofstede finding looks for sub cultural and regional differences, industry differences and differences arising from the organisational culture .Power distances with means people will accept unequal distribution of powers. In the Case of Wal-Mart you can see that it is more homogeneous compare to Japan, therefore they need to give more power to local managers and their supplier-network. Americans do not accept power distances. Japanese hold harmony as a social ideal, patience as a personal virtue, and hierarchy as an essential organizing principle. Americans, in contrast, hold freedom as a social ideal, action-orientation as a personal virtue, and equality as a fundamental organizing principle. Even though this model does not present detail analyses of individual cultures. It does show you where each country fits. These are challenges many managers will face in today global markets because not managing culture effectively can stop growth as well as production. We have seen that the Hostede model such as individualism versus collectivism and feminity versus masculinity help categorize as well as identify cultural differences. If we take individualism versus collectivism you will know that Americans or more independent and have self -determination compare to Japan where the workforce work in groups. The use of the concepts of cultural dimensions such as those of Hostede and Trompanear provides the means to construct cultural clusters of countries or subcultures within and across countries. These cluster can be used to identify areas which need development in order to reduce problems caused by cultural differences .For example advertise can use this model make ads relative for certain cultural dimensions. Wal-Mart need this because once Seiyu was taken over it became a whole new store. Yes Wal-Mart provided low cost products but the high quality products that Japanese are use too disappeared. The bad thing about these models is they assume that culture does not change and the develop serotypes and it is most base on the management of the company. Wal-Mart can also determine how difference their culture compare to Japanese. This model shows the comparison between national cultures. In order to produce success using these theories Wal-Mart must show consideration and care in dealing with cultural differences both inside and outside the organisation. Japanese people are willing to pay top price for goods of high quality. Wal-Mart should ensure that their global company service as well as product meets the standards of the people living there. Care must also take place managers relationship between the home and host country in terms of working pr actices. Firms need to be sensitive to culture because if they dont it can cause failed joint ventures as well as misunderstandings, there cultural difference need to respected across borders. Employees in the organisation must be aware norms and the general customs when entering the host country is a must. Businesses need to understand the impact that cultural differences have on the career progression of their employees and on communication and decision-making, Firms can solve the problems of cultural difference by engaging in cross- cultural training. Some researchers have stated that Wal-Mart is way behind the knowledge of the locals taste. One of the reasons that failed Wal-Mart internationally is when it attempt to transport the companys unique culture and retailing concept to each new country. Gilman (2004) asserts that in Wal-Mart overseas expansion, it has been trying hard to launch the supercenter concept, therefore the corporate culture does not match the national culture . In this essay we have seen that internationalisation of a business have expose the business to different norms when crossing cultural borders because the more firms move away and enter new market. A comparison between National cultures is important. We have seen the clash in the national cultures between countries as well as the corporate culture. We can clearly see that how culture play as important role in success of a global company. The theory clearly compare how companies like Wal-Mart tries to impose the same norms on all it foreign markets. The approaches to solving cultural differences clearly assume that firms will be given advantage. Cultural should be the heart of the organisation because we can clearly see that it determine the success or failure of the firm. It is up to the employees in the organisation who exist within the corporate culture to understand the outside environment culture because we must see culture as ever changing. In order to solve the problem with cult ure we must learn to adapt. The company needs strategy development to in order to overcome the hurdles caused by cultural differences. We can clearly see that every country and region have their own culture, therefore global companies must have a good understanding. Culture is clearly the way of live for people it is only natural that companies leave their ethnocentric culture which the basically see own their culture rather than the Polycentric culture. This creates conflict as we seen in both corporate cultures as well as national culture. In order to over such problem global companies need to acknowledge the diverse culture around them. No more assumption and judgment because people learn culture through what they are taught. It is only natural for global companies to put in effect strategies allowing them to adapt to the cultural changes. If we take the company Coca Cola strategy which change the sweetest of their soda to meet the consumers taste buds in different countries. The y did not neglect the needs of the local people; therefore have full respect of their culture and history. We have seen how cultural theories like Hofstede can allow global companies to take into consideration the cultural cluster that effect society but the problem with this theory is more based on how the organisation can improve culture difference inside the global company rather than environment outside the organisation. Even though there are cultural differences inside the company you can still relate this to natural culture.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

The Literary Merit of A Lesson Before Dying Essay -- Lesson Before Dyi

The Literary Merit of A Lesson Before Dying Ernest Gaines was born during the middle of the Great Depression on January 15, 1933. He was the oldest of twelve children. At the age of nine Gaines worked as an errand boy on the River Lake Plantation, the same plantation his book A Lesson Before Dying was set in. Gaines was raised by his Aunt Augusteen Jefferson, much like Grant, the protagonist in the novel, was raised by his Aunt Tante Lou. At the age of fifteen Gaines rejoined his immediate family in Vallejo, California because there were no high schools for him to attend in Louisiana. Gaines also wanted to enter a public library which was illegal for people of color to use. At this time in U.S. History, books about colored people were scarce and so Gaines decided to try and write his own novel. The desire to write led him to San Francisco State and Stanford University where he took creative writing courses. His first book, Catherine Carmier, was published in 1964. He finished his most famous novel, The Autobiography of Miss Ja ne Pittman, in 1971. The success of The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman prompted Gaines to write more about the black communities of southern Louisiana. The most successful book dealing with the colored people of southern Louisiana, A Lesson Before Dying, was penned in 1993 (â€Å"About Ernest Gaines† 1). A Lesson Before Dying explains the tale of the wrongful conviction of Jefferson, an ignorant colored man who was an accessory to a liquor store shooting where a white man was killed. At Jefferson’s trial a lawyer calls him a hog. At the end of the trial, Jefferson is sentenced to death by electrocution. Miss Emma, Jefferson’s Aunt, wants Jefferson to know that he is a human before he dies. She wi... ...ate representation of its deep insights into the mind of Jefferson. In Chapter 29 one gets an accurate and in depth view into the mind of a colored farm worker from the deep South during the 1940’s. The way the sentences were structured has not been edited to portray proper English nor have the thoughts been completed. In that passage Jefferson’s ignorance is exposed, but in doing so his values and faith shine. In his own way, he acknowledges his fate and then tries to reason why it happened. A Lesson Before Dying provides a pure and true insight into a Jefferson’s mind. This is why it should be included in a list of works of high literary merit. Works Cited "About Ernest Gaines". RandomHouse.com. pp. 1-2. Online. 7 May 2003. Available: http://www.randomhouse.com/vintage/gaines/books.html Gaines, Ernest. A Lesson Before Dying. New York: Random House 1993.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Summary of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn One and Two :: Huckleberry Finn American Literature Essays

Summary of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn One and Two "You don't know about me, without you have read a book by the name of â€Å" The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," but that ain't no matter. that book was made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly. There were things which he streched, but mainly he told the truth. That ain' nothing. I never seen anybody but lied, one time or another, without it was Aunt Polly, or the widow, or maybr Mary. Aunt Polly-Tom's Aunt Polly, she is-and Mary, and the Widow Douglas, is all told bout in that book-which is mostly a true book; with some, as I said before.†(Twain 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any way I am here to tell you somethings bout this man that has write all these things bout our adventures. So listen an maybe you might even learn a little something bout this man. Now let me think....oh ya, now I recall it. I reckon it was a warm November ju's like any other, the 30th to be exact. But that ain't how Sam's Pa spoke of it. He had to go maki'n big, fancy speeches and things of that sort at the party. But after all that mubl'in we had a purdy good time. As a matter of fact as I recall that day it was almost pur'fect. If it warn't for me drunk Pa gettin arrested by the Sheriff that morn, it woudda' been real pur'fect. Course I reckon a boy's gota have a good time at his best friend's bert'day party. I was at Sam's house. Course I warn't de only one dare. His Pa, Judge Clemens and Ma, Miss Jane Lampton, till she married of course, was dare and I reckon his whole 'tire family must da been at dat house, can't barely remember it was only his fourth birthday back in 1839 (Howard 1). Ya, me and Sam been friends ever since he moved here, best friends too, he was born an lived in Florida, Missouri prior to now. He moved here at the start of this year. See lots of people don't give me much thought cause me bein uneducated and havin a Pa like I do an all. That all changed though, Sam was the type dat even liked the niggers, so I be surprised if he thought of me differently than any other (Paine 4). Sam's family had'nt got that much money either but his Pa sure was one of them educated types. He was a lawyer and a judge and people looked up to him

Eating Disorders: How the Media Have Influenced Their Development In Adolescent Girls :: Free Essays Online

Eating Disorders: How the Media Have Influenced Their Development In Adolescent Girls The words "eat" and "boring" are usually never found in the same sentence, but leave it to a supermodel to accomplish this task. Bodies reminiscent of the Holocaust clad only in a bathing suit, underwear, or a skimpy tank top flood popular fashion magazines today. How many times have you flipped through the pages of your favorite magazine and spotted an article about how women should have a good perception of themselves and how they should "celebrate those curves," and then turned the page to find a centerfold makeover section complete with before and after pictures? Mass media serve as a type of "normative influence" to teens, and those who are high in susceptibility to the media’s influence are much less skeptical of advertisements (Mangleburg & Bristol 30). Therefore, it is much more difficult for them to realize that attaining a body like those of the women in the above advertisements is impossible without developing severely disordered eating habits. In the United States, the "conservative estimates" indicate that after puberty, 5-10% of girls and women are struggling with eating disorders. That translates to 5-10 million girls and women! Out of that 5-10 million, at least 50,000 will die, and that’s not including the number of cases not reported due to the shame and secretiveness associated with the disease (EDAP Handout- Basic Facts). Sufferers of eating disorders have admitted that images of skinny models enflamed their condition. In an article titled, "War on Waifs," they agreed that they "would like to see the fashion industry present a range of sizes in magazines just like you see in the stores" (Jedeikin, sec. Responses). Susie Orbach, the therapist who treated the late Princess Diana for her bulimia, has similar thoughts on the controversy: Eating problems are now at epidemic proportions. There is so much anguish felt by so many women and girls of all ages, even in childhood†¦ We need to target the diet industry. If diets worked, we wouldn’t need so many of them†¦ I will also suggest that it is in the fashion industry’s interest to glamourise girls and women in all sizes and shapes, as that is how we really are. I’d like to see model agencies and designers setting aside profits for fashion students to promote gorgeous clothes in all sizes" (Jedeikin, sec. Responses). Until the industry can shift from encouraging people to be a shape which nature never intended them to be, however, the media will continue to form young people’s view of the world, a world that is apparently populated by only thin girls.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Land Rights Essay

The land rights debate in the 1970’s was a tough and hard-fought journey for the Aboriginal people. In the 1967 Referendum, Australians showed their support for the Aboriginals, by voting to change the Constitution to include the indigenous in the Census and giving overriding authority to the Commonwealth government regarding Aboriginal affairs. Ralph Hunt, of the National Coalition Party and Federal Minister in 1971 stated ‘To just set aside land because Aboriginal groups and tribes believe they have a special right to it tends to only perpetuate the tribal system’, explaining that Indigenous people did not have the power nor authority to regain land that they believed belonged to them. However, by this stage, Aboriginal people were ‘less inclined to have white politicians deciding upon their best interests’. The quotation particularly reflected the ‘Assimilation’ policy in reference to the Indigenous people. In 1970, the Aborigines Adva ncement League had sent a petition to the United Nations, requesting that the union use its powers to uphold Aboriginal rights to the land. This strategy also failed. On Australia Day 1972, Prime Minister McMahon also supported Hunt’s views in publicly stating that Aboriginals did not have a right to any land or compensation, while also declaring that mining was permitted on Aboriginal reserves. On that same day, an Aboriginal ‘Tent Embassy’ was established on the front lawn of the Parliament house, protesting to secure land rights. The embassy became the focal point for protests against denial of rights for Aboriginal people. Regaining control of the traditional land was crucial to the Aboriginal people, as all means of their identity, spirituality, and the Dreaming shared an inextricable link with the land. The government was surprised by the amount of public support for the Aboriginal cause. A significant point in the lands right debate eventuated following the Labour Party’s Gough Whitlam’s reign as Prime Minister. Whitlam supported the land rights of Aboriginals and believed people should ‘contemplate what a British government would do’. Within Whitlam’s years as Prime Minister, he produced ‘one successful land claim’: by legally ‘handing back’ the deeds to Vincent Lingiari of the traditional Gurindji lands at Wattie Creek, NT in 1975. This however only provided the people with ‘leasehold of their tribal land’. Most of the actions regarding Aboriginal Land Rights in the 1970’s were symbolic, however no real ownership was  achieved. Question 2: The introduction of the ‘Mabo Judgement’ and the ‘Wik Decision’ were pivotal in the development of the Land Rights movement. The Mabo Judgement, named after Eddie Mabo, recognised the native title of the Merriam people to their original land, the Murray Islands. Up until the Mabo Judgement in particular, the government had decided Australia was not occupied prior to European settlement for legal reasons, or what has become known as Terra Nullius, meaning land belonging to no one. The High Court’s Mabo decision of 1992 acknowledging Native Title was based on the recognition of the spiritual links between the people and the land, and may continue to exist provided Indigenous groups continue to observe their traditional laws and customs. The Mabo decision also made clear that native title had been extinguished over freehold land. This meant that there was no risk of suburban homes affected from land claims, as most private land in urban Australia is freehold. The Mabo judgement was the initial step in recognising the Aboriginal’s link to their traditional lands, and became the first positive push for the Land Rights movement. The ‘Wik Decision’ of 1996, developed after the Wik people had sought Native Title over traditional lands which were under pastoral lands leases in north Queensland. The Wik decision meant that Aboriginals and native title may coexist with pastoral leases. However, if conflict arose, pastoral leases would prevail over native title. As approximately 42% of Australia was covered by pastoral leases, the decision gave many Aboriginal citizens the right of access to traditional lands, provided they did not interfere with the landowners. The Wik decision was a significant phase in the Land Rights movement, which, for the first time, provided Aboriginals with a legal positio n to claim their traditional land. In 1997, the Liberal Howard government reacted to white Australian protest, referred to as ‘white paranoia’, by introducing the 10 Point Plan, which would greatly restrict the rights of Aboriginals. This Plan made it much harder for Aboriginals to register a claim for native title, due to the tougher registration test. The 10 Point Plan developed into the inauguration of The Native Title Amendment Act of 1998. In reference to Frank Brennan, the act ‘allowed at least the rights to hunt, fish, camp and have ceremony’, which reflects the view that  Aboriginal rights had been minimalised. The amendment act, initiated by the Howard Government expelled the right of Indigenous people to negotiate on pastoral leases, giving leaseholders the ability to carry out a range of activities, under the category of ‘primary production’, on the land without consultation with the Aboriginals. After all the progress of both the Mabo and Wik judgements, this was a significant setback in the development and growth of the Aboriginal Land Rights movement.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Who Are Are, from Where We Came

First of all, if I want to interpreted by the way of religiones point of view then I think this topic goes to meanless way. I have a knowledge by which I can explan it in proper way. Today we should given the side and lates talk on a historin what they were saying about this topic. I want to commence with quetation â€Å" the world depend upon human, but the human are illution† Start with the Annonaki I think this will never wrong to mention the Annonaki first in my this topic. We should to exam him first in front of my friends. The Annunaki belonged from sumerian religion since 25oo year ago and after few years the sumerian group has been replaced by Akkadian and later to babylonians untill they have been converted to christianity. In islamic point of view the Annunaki is called a (jinn). He was basically worked of god. Lates come to main point †¦ the Annunaki was the superiour to the igiges. The igiges were working for Annunaki to digging the god in planet earth. After same era the igiges were rebiling againt the Annunaki and after some years the Anki suggested to created the humankind by the Annunaki blood in the process on tube mechanism to burn the mankind. In the statement the many historine weren,t believe on this but after 18, 19 century the tube mechenism of tube . after the development in this field the thinker commence the believe on this explanation. There are one other story about the human on the bases of science. The science teach us the human body is called a biological computer . the human body are attracted by the help of heart then the heart transmitted to entire body . the energy come to our body from over surround environment. By this energy the sencs working and on the bases of sencs the MRNA TRNA send the message to brain and the brain worked .

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Nivea: Softening and Standardizing Global Markets

The brand's positioning also made it distinct from other products on the market: It was a multipurpose cream sold at a price that made it available to the masses, rather than to only the upper-class women who were the competition's target market. Over the years, Naive's positioning strategy has remained as simple and steadfast as the now- familiar blue-and-white package. Despite all the technological developments the company has Introduced In skin care products, and all the markets it has sold In, Naive's marketing always focuses on key brand benefits-?high quality, reasonable price, straightforward approach, and mild skin care.This commitment to the mainstream market and focus on multipurpose applications means that every product introduced under the Naive name has to conform to guidelines which ensure that everyone working on the brand around the world knows what it stands for. Naive's marketing strategy is well stated by Roll Sunnis, chairman of the Beresford Group: â€Å"The str ategy of concentration on exploiting market potentials and regional growth opportunities is to be continued. The same applies to moves into new market segments and to increased investment in research and development. Exploiting market potentials means constantly Introducing new products that meet current market needs and the needs of newly targeted market segments. One example from the past Is Naive's emphasis on health and active lifestyles as more women went to work In the 1 sass. Others Include the Introduction of sunscreen, skin protection, and tanning products to match the more active, outdoor lifestyles In vogue from the sass to today: plus products for every skin type and need. To meet the needs of new market segments, Naive expanded its product lines to include children and men.All these new products were guided by the Naive standards: each product must meet a basic need, be simple and uncomplicated, not offer to solve only one specific problem, be a quality leader, and be p riced such that consumers perceive a balanced cost-benefit relationship. Bed's new product strategy was honed in the sass when competitive challenges prompted the company to take steps to revivalist the brand. It used a two-pronged approach. First, to counteract perceptions hat Naive had an older, less dynamic Image, the company for the first time described specific product benefits In Its advertising.Before this, advertising had focused on the variety of settings In which each product could be used, Second, BFD Introduced additional products that would leverage the recognition and reputation of the Naive name In growing segments AT ten mar et K . Nines are sun-Dramas, sun as Naive Shower and Bath, Naive for Men, Naive Sun, Naive Hair Care, Naive Body, Naive Visage, and the recently introduced Naive Baby. In 1990 BFD internationalization its rand's by creating a worldwide name for each product category and implementing common packaging on a global basis.Moreover, all ads, regardless of the country in which they ran, had to evoke a common emotion, use the same typeface, incorporate the same kinds of people, and use a uniform Naive logo. The result is a highly standardized approach to global marketing. Rather than focusing on the individual differences among peoples around the globe, the firm focuses on the similarities. After all, as one company official notes, all people have skin and many people have he same needs and ideas. This leads to a direct approach and a high degree of consistency.When a firm operates in as many markets as BFD, consistency, simplicity, and focus on the same benefits not only create a universal brand image, they also reduce headaches. Many fewer marketing decisions have to be made. Standardized advertising campaigns need be adapted only slightly by translation into the local language. Because the costs can be spread around the globe, it's much less expensive to run a single global campaign rather than many separate regional ones. And m arketing control is much simpler and easier with a standardized program.Packaging costs are reduced and product recognition is very high when people encounter the product in other countries and cultural situations. The second element of the BFD strategy is exploiting regional growth opportunities. Doing so, however, may necessitate some adjustments to the standardized approach. Because Naive Creme is a European product, its appeal and marketing approach can be very similar in many parts of the globe. The United States, Canada, Latin America, and South America were all populated by European settlers.This produces some commonality in cultural background and light skin type, with the result that many products developed for the German market can be sold in these markets with little or no product or marketing adaptation. A focus on healthy, glowing skin will sell cosmetics in nearly all these markets. Of course, the company might use darker-haired models with more olive complexions in th e Latin and South American markets. And it might develop tailored sub-brands and programs for important sub-segments of all these markets.However, as Naive moves further away from this common European cultural base, its products may be less well suited to the market. This is particularly true in African nations, where a majority of people have much darker skin and may require different sorts of moisturizer and sunscreen products. In between the European and African markets are the Asian markets, which are characterized by yellow and frequently more pale complexions. Although Naive sells well in some Asian markets, such as Indonesia and Thailand, it sells less well in Japan.The difference in sales is attributable to both market and cultural conditions. In the past, Japanese markets were strongly protected and there was relatively little competition from non- domestic manufacturers. Unfortunately for Japanese merchants, the resulting high prices provided a strong lure to foreign produ cers. When BFD first entered the Japanese market, it was highly successful. But as Japanese markets have opened up, competition has increased, price maintenance has been abolished, and prices have fallen.As a result, BFD has reduced the number of products sold there, and focused on ten more pro Detailed ones. I nerve are cultural Territories Detente markets sun as Germany, the United States, and Japan. Germany and the United States are classified as â€Å"low-context countries,† which means that ads should state explicitly what the product will do. Japan, in contrast, is a â€Å"high-context† country in which product claims do not need to be stated explicitly. Rather, because Japanese consumers want to form relationships with companies, the company itself should be prominently featured in advertising.If the company is worthy of consideration, then the quality of TTS products is assumed to be high. Thus, an advertising campaign prepared for Germany requires more than Ju st a little tweaking in order to promote products successfully in Japan. All these differences argue for more adaptation of Naive products and marketing to match cultural and market differences outside Germany and the European market. However, as economies develop, they tend to acquire many of the same tastes as developed economies. An example is Russia, where men -? especially younger men-?are beginning to spend more on cosmetics.They are eying many of the same brands as their Western European counterparts-?Gillette, Naive for Men, Old Spice, and a few designer brands such as Christian Dior, Airman, Boss Lance, Arms, Guy Larch, Gucci, and Pace Arabian. Price is not the crucial variable in the purchase decision-?men are buying based on product characteristics such as fragrance and brand awareness. For companies such as Naive and Gillette, which are willing to spend on advertising, the market seems quite responsive. The bottom line is the increasing homogeneities that argues against customization of arduous for specific markets.Speaking of bottom lines, Beresford has done very well with its own. Total sales for Beresford cosmetics business grew at 5. 7 percent in 1996, despite decreased sales of the company's higher priced Label and Atria lines and lower sales in Japan. The Naive line grew by 13. 3 percent, far outpacing the more expensive cosmetics and skin care products. However, growth around the world has been uneven. Although Bed's brands experienced double-digit growth in Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, Southern Europe, and South America, sales growth withinGermany and some Northern European countries has been much lower due to the difficult economic situation. Naive held its own in the United States, but grew by 36. 3 percent in Mexico. Despite strong growth in Thailand and Indonesia, sales in Asia and Australia fell by 10. 4 percent, affected by the downward trend in Japan and China. Compounding the Japanese losses are unfavorable exchange rates between th e yen and the mark, which reduced earnings even further. Even so, although the overall global picture for Beresford is quite good, it's still Just a little fuzzy in some parts of the world.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

P3 Unit 3

P3 Describe how Tesco uses market research to contribute to the development of its marketing plans. Market research: Is a big part of marketing, market research is when the company asks their customers or new customers to find out more about in the market in which they currently operate in or a market they wish to operate in. Companies may do this so they can reduce risk when bringing out new products. There are two types of research and two types of data. The first type is primary research.Primary Research is when the business or the worker conducts the research their self, therefore it is fresh data and it is current and applicable to their current market. Market research is conducted to gain a better knowledge of the market in which they operate in and to find out the wants and needs of the customers. Examples of this could be surveys, observations and interviews. Advantages of primary research are that it is brand new data in this current market and with current customers therefo re it is applicable to your business.The disadvantages of primary research is that it may take a long time Internal research could be when Tesco use past sales figures from with in the company and project them to find out cash forecasts or to analyse buying habits. This is internal as it about the business they work for not any other business. External primary can be used to this can be when Tesco can people who do not currently shop in Tesco or work in Tesco questions, they could also use Mystery shoppers as external primary as someone who isn't a stake holder in the business evaluates the business, this counts as research as they will find out about the branch they work in.Another of research type is Secondary research this is also known as desk research this is when the company uses published data which already exists, they do not need to go out and ask customers wants and needs, they can just use internet or books to find whatever they need to find out. This is the cheaper optio n. This will give the company a better view of the market however will not be exactly applicable to the business, secondary research can also be used when viewing a competitor, they can see their profits if they're a PLC company.External research can be sued in Tesco such as when they look at competitors (Sainsbury’s/ asda) sales figures or buying trends or growth figures. They may do this to see how their competitors are doing and see how much they're growing. Internal could be looking at past annual reports, this is internal secondary research as its has already been published and it is from Tesco’s. There are two types of Data type. Qualitative data is one type this is when the company uses questions which are open therefore they will gain true views and opinions of the customer. Examples of this could be interviews or observations.Qualitative data isn't easy to analyse or to put into graphs as it is someone’s opinion they may not be similar. Tesco can use th is by holding observations or interviews for customers, Tesco can use primary or secondary types as they can conduct the research by their self or they can use the internet to find out the answers which they require. In terms of Tesco they could have pressure groups, or observations to collect qualitative data. The other type of data is Quantitative data, these are figures and statistics which can be easily analyse and also be interpreted easily.If a large sample of people takes the questionnaire or survey then the more effective as there will be a better perception of the wants and needs of the customer. This can be easily put into graphs and be analysed. In terms of Tesco they can use this when their customers log into their club card account online, Tesco can track sales of a certain item, buying habits and they can target the customer directly by doing this. From this Tesco can do a sales forecast and help Tesco making decisions when buying stock.Reducing risk: Market research h elps company to reduce the risk when creating new products or buying more quantity’s of another product. Such as if they use the quantitative data e. g. buying habits. If Tesco see that one product is very popular they might choose to invest in a larger quantity. Limitations: When using market research there are some limitations such as money, time and validity. Money can play a big part when using market research as it could prove costly depending on the amount of research the business conducts.So if Tesco has 4-5 focus groups a long with interviews, then it would take a long time to do and it may prove expensive as one site has quoted ? 90 per person when using focus groups, if Tesco are going to do this mulitple times then it could prove costly. Marketing research: qualitative; x quantitative; x primary internal x/external research; x secondary internal x/ external research;uses x (reduce risk in decision making, measure progress over time); limitations (cost effectiveness , validity of data collected)