Thoughts On Charles Tansley In To The free essay sample

Lighthouse Essay, Research Paper Ideas on Charles Tansley in To the Lighthouse In To the Lighthouse, Mr. Ramsay serves as a function theoretical account for Charles Tansley, and therefore has great influence on Tansley # 8217 ; s calling and positions toward adult females. Because Tansley is from an # 8220 ; unsuccessful # 8221 ; household, he needs a function theoretical account for success, which he finds in Ramsay. Tansley is remaining at the Ramsay house during a vacation in order to work on his thesis and to hold entree to Mr. Ramsay. Tansley greatly admires Ramsay, and hopes to affect him. # 8220 ; They knew what he ( Tansley ) liked best # 8211 ; to be for of all time walking up and down, up and down, with Mr. Ramsay, and stating who had won this, who had won that? # 8221 ; ( 7 ) . Charles Tansley is self-aware about being from a hapless, unsuccessful household. When Tansley walks with Mrs. Ramsay to the shop, he talks about the circus with # 8220 ; a uneasiness that made her wince # 8221 ; because his household could neer afford to see the circus ( 11 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Thoughts On Charles Tansley In To The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8220 ; My male parent is a chemist, Mrs. Ramsay. He keeps a store, # 8221 ; Tansley explains ( 12 ) . Tansley aspires to be far more than a # 8220 ; working adult male, # 8221 ; but fears that he may stop up no more successful than his male parent ( 12 ) . Therefore, Tansley feels the demand to turn out his rational capablenesss. His actions at the dinner party show his insecurity. # 8220 ; He had come down in his ordinary apparels. He had non got any frock apparels # 8221 ; ( 85 ) . Because Tansley is excessively hapless to afford nice vesture, he feels really self-aware. # 8220 ; He felt highly, even physically, uncomfortable. He wanted person to give him a opportunity of asseverating himself # 8221 ; ( 90 ) . Ultimately, Tansley is driven to win in life and get the better of his low background. Although the Ramsays are non rich ( 22 ) , Tansley admires Mr. Ramsay and considers him successful plenty to follow his calling way. Not merely does Tansley desire to be a professor of doctrine, he besides is composing his thesis on the same rare subdivision of metaphysics that Mr. Ramsay surveies. However, Tansley # 8217 ; s esteem for Mr. Ramsay is non limited to academic chases. A natural by-product of this mentor-protege relationship is that Tansley efforts to emulate Ramsay # 8217 ; s behaviour in all facets of life. When Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay argue about whether the conditions will be suited for a trip to the beacon, Tansley rushes to Mr. Ramsay # 8217 ; s defence, stating that the air current is # 8221 ; # 8216 ; due west # 8217 ; ? that is to state, the air current blew in the worst possible way for set downing at the Lighthouse # 8221 ; ( 5 ) . Tansley will frequently reiterate things that Mr. Ramsay says verbatim. # 8220 ; All these immature work forces parodied her hubby, she reflected ; he said it would rain ; they said it would be a positive twister # 8221 ; ( 15 ) . Because Tansley admires Mr. Ramsay and desires to go more like him, Tansley adopts Ramsay # 8217 ; s point of views in all countries of life. The primary effect of this emulation is that Tansley adopts Ramsay # 8217 ; s attitudes toward adult females. Mr. Ramsay has some regard for adult females, peculiarly Mrs. Ramsay. They portion a deep, loving relationship. However, because their most intimate communicating occurs without the usage of words, the true nature of their relationship is merely apparent to the all-knowing storyteller and to the twosome themselves ( 124 ) . In public, nevertheless, Mr. Ramsay uses Mrs. Ram state to reenforce his self-importance, and frequently dominates her. Woolf vividly describes Mr. Ramsay’s evocation of understanding from Mrs. Ramsay as â€Å"the waterless scimitar of the male, which smote pitilessly, once more and once more, demanding sympathy† ( 38 ) . Furthermore, Mr. Ramsay frequently becomes impatient with Mrs. Ramsay, whom, like most adult females, he considers stupid, and is unkind to her. â€Å"The extraordinary unreason of her comment, the foolishness of women’s heads enraged him. . . she flew in the face of facts, told prevarications. He stamped his pes on the stone measure. ‘Damn you, ’ he said† ( 31-2 ) . Later on, Mr. Ramsay feels guilty about his effusion, but an foreigner like Tansley neer views this ( 64 ) . All of this leads most uninformed perceivers to agree with Lily Briscoe’s judgement of Mr. Ramsay: that he â€Å"is spoilt ; he is a autocrat ; he wears Mrs. Ramsay to death† ( 24 ) . Although Tansley does non see all of these peculiar cases of Mr. Ramsay # 8217 ; s public mistreatment of Mrs. Ramsay, it is likely that during his stay he witnesses many others. In short, Tansley sees merely Mr. Ramsay # 8217 ; s cold, condescending behavior toward adult females, neer recognizing that Mr. Ramsay genuinely loves Mrs. Ramsay. Because Tansley can merely emulate the behaviour he sees, he begins to exhibit the same disdainful attitude toward adult females. At the beginning of the novel, it is non clear how long Tansley has been at the Ramsay house. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate how much his sentiment of adult females has changed already. It is just to presume, nevertheless, that Tansley has less regard for adult females than he does originally due to Mr. Ramsay # 8217 ; s influence. Indeed, Tansley begins to happen adult females to be far inferior to work forces and therefore handle them awfully. # 8221 ; # 8216 ; No traveling to the Lighthouse tomorrow, Mr s. Ramsay, # 8217 ; he said, asseverating himself. He liked her. . . but he felt it necessary to asseverate himself # 8221 ; ( 86 ) . Tansley does non restrict his contempt for adult females to Mrs. Ramsay. He tells Lily Briscoe that # 8220 ; adult females can # 8217 ; t pigment, adult females can # 8217 ; t compose # 8221 ; ( 48 ) . On rare occasions, Tansley treats adult females with regard. Lily, for illustration, has both positive and negative experiences with Tansley, yet sums up her feelings for him in one word: # 8220 ; grotesque # 8221 ; ( 197 ) . Clearly, Tansley # 8217 ; s occasional kindness toward adult females does non extenuate his general mistreatment of them. Tansley even makes wide indictments of all females. While at the dinner tabular array, Tansley ponders # 8220 ; what damned putrefaction they talk. . . he was non traveling to be condescended by these cockamamie adult females # 8221 ; ( 85 ) . Besides during dinner, Tansley decides that # 8220 ; adul t females made civilisation impossible with their # 8216 ; appeal, # 8217 ; their absurdity # 8221 ; ( 85 ) . More significantly, Tansley grows to dislike adult females so much that he feels they destroy his stay at the Ramsay house. # 8220 ; It was deserving while making one time, he would state, but non once more. The adult females bored one so, he would state # 8221 ; ( 90 ) . Mr. Tansley is unsympathetic in a manner, and yet I feel sympathy for him. He is so uncomfortable about who he is. I picture him in his worn Grey flannel bloomerss in the dinner scene, so witting of himself and how everyone perceives him. I don # 8217 ; t believe he means to be so unsympathetic, I think I know how he feels. He wants so much to suit in, to be liked, yet he doesn # 8217 ; t cognize how to move. So, this seemingly misogynous immature adult male could be absolutely lovely if he merely knew how!

Research Paper on Shakespeare Research Paper Example

Research Paper on Shakespeare Research Paper Example Research Paper on Shakespeare Paper Research Paper on Shakespeare Paper Essay Topic: Titus Andronicus Drew Ewing Mrs. Stevenson English II November 6th, 2012 Shakespeare William Shakespeare is one of the most well respected and time honored man of all time. His unique style, mysterious life and amazingly written sonnets make him the most studied and analyzed men to ever walk the planet. William Shakespeare, born in Stratford-upon-Avon, he was baptized on April 26th 1564, but his actual birth date is unknown. Shakespeare was the third child of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. William had two older sisters, Judith and Joan, and three younger brothers, Richard, Gilbert and Edmund. Not a lot is known of Shakespeare’s childhood, which is part of the reason everyone is so skeptical of his ability to have written everything he wrote. It is generally assumed that he went to the local grammar school, the Kings New School, for most of his childhood. Shakespeare did not attend a university. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, he had three children with her, a daughter named Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. In 1585 he started a career as an actor, play writer, and a part owner of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, also known as The Kings Men. By the early 1590’s it is believed that Shakespeare had already written some plays and had a successful career as an actor. Sometime in 1589, Shakespeare wrote his first play, Henry VI. Between his marriage and writing this play, he moved to London. Shakespeare was not an immediate and universal success but with the the plays Richard III, Henry VI, The Comedy of Errors, and Titus Andronicus written Shakespeare became a popular playwright by the 1950’s. The year 1593, marked a huge point in his career as a playwright. By the end of that year, he scored a very important friend and fan in the Earl of Southampton and his Venus and Adonis was published. It is one of the first of Shakespeare’s works to be printed and it was a very big success. Many people believe that Shakespeare started his work as a poet and that he wrote the majority of his famous sonnets in the 1590’s as well. In 1594, Shakespeare made a return theater and became one of the Lord Chamberlains Men, which was a group of actors who eventually became the KIng’s men. He was very successful at with this group and became very famous through his plays and acting in some of them. He remained associated with the organization until his death. Many people considered acting and playwrighting a very notable career it was seen as a form of entertainment and not a profession that should be wanted. Even with so many people that did not think that Shakespeare career was one that should be granted a lot of money he still ended up being very wealthy and acquired a lot of money, which he used to by a house in Stratford for his parents. This house was the second largest in the town and was considered to be the nicest. â€Å"In 1596, Shakespeare applied for a coat of arms for his family, in effect making himself a gentleman. †(Biography of William Shakespeare 1) The coat of arms was a way for people to kind of show their family off, it was only given to people that had a lot of money and were considered to be very successful. Shakespeare died at age 52 on the 23rd of April in 1616, at this time he was already a very famous playwright and he was well known in all of England. Shakespeare was buried at the Holy Trinity Church. His epitaph that was carved into the stone that was covering his grave has a curse on it against anyone that moves his bones, when the church was renovated in 2008 the workers were very careful not to disturb his remains in fear of getting cursed. Shakespeare’s writing style is definitely unique and is widely accepted as easy to recognize. He used a very common rhythm for his day, the iambic pentameter. â€Å"Shakespeare used a metrical pattern consisting of lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter, called blank verse. Shakespeares sonnets are written in iambic pentameter, Shakespeares style of writing and meter choice were typical of the day, and other writings of the time influenced how he structured his compositions. †(Mabillard) One of the things Shakespeare was best at was being able to make his characters seam human, he was able to show that they aren’t just characters in a story, but that they were real people that could be sympathized with. Many scholars believe this is why even to this day, his works are considered to be some of the best orks of literature, and audience’s are still captivated by his works. Shakespeare made his characters development directly intertwined with the plot, which made his characters seem even more real. â€Å"Shakespeares characters were complex and human in nature, he changed what could be accomplished with drama. † (Frye 118) Shakespeare’s sonnets are considered to be some of the greatest and most eloquent poems in all of Engl ish literature. So by analyzing his genius in poetry and style, scholars and ordinary readers alike, try to understand the genius in the poet. There is very little known of Shakespeare’s personal life or feelings he had about himself. This being so a lot of scholars focus on his style and way of saying things to try and get a better understanding of Shakespeare the person. Many scholars have tried to get an insight into shakespeare by analyzing how and what he wrote. Many poets use poetry as a way to express their feelings and emotions, so readers of Shakespeare should be able to start to grasp a picture of who he was by reading his poetry and paying attention to the similarities and unique differences of his work to the norm of the day. Shakespeare’s style was a blend of contemporary and pure originality that makes him such a powerful poet. Sonnet 18 is one of Shakespeare’s most famous and critically acclaimed poems. By just reading it, the poem sounds like it is just a poem that praises the beauty of of a women. But if you take it a step farther and look deeper you can start to see just how impacting of a person that Shakespeare is writing about. The language in this sonnet is also extremely original, it is very different from the other sonnets. It is not loaded with alliteration or any other kind of poetic device, and the poem is not excessively wordy, it flows and gets its very powerful and majestic point across. As Shakespeare liked to do in his sonnets a lot every line ends with some form of punctuation, which in turn makes it dramatic and very suspenseful. Shakespeare starts the poem with a question in the very first line asking to compare the woman he is writing about to a summer’s day. Basically he is posing the question if he should compare the beauty of the beloved to the beauty of a summer’s day. The second line of the poem says Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Shakespeare uses the word temperate to mean moderate or modest, like it is average in amount. He is emphasizing how much he loves her and how beautiful she is. When Shakespeare uses the words â€Å"rough winds† in line 3 i think that he is using that as a metaphor for the flaws in this women, but that there are not any flaws in her, but there are in summer, so he can not really compare her to a summers day, because in his eyes she is flawless. In lines four and five Shakespeare continues to point out the imperfections of summer, in that it ends, but her beuaty does not. In the sixth line he tells how sometimes the sun is not hot enough, or the opposite in line five, that it can sometimes be too hot, but again, that is not the case with his beloved. Shakespaere finally just says the summer can not ever be perfect in lines seven and eight. He starts to come back to the women’s beauty in line nine, by using the words â€Å"eternal summer†, stasting that her beauty is everlasting and it will never go away like summer’s does. In the next three lines, he portrays a picture of this women, and that even though she will grow old and may not be healthy she will never lose her beauty. And in the final two lines of the sonnet Shakespeare says that her beauty will never go away, because everytiime someone reads this poem they will think about her. Shakespeare is the one of the most famous and well respected writers and poets of all time. From his mysterious life, to his unique writing style, his amazing and time lasting plays, and his sonnets, he is an international phenomenon for as long as his plays and sonnets can be read. Shakespeare is the best and one of the most interesting men that has ever lived. Frye, Roland Mushat. Shakespeare: The Art of the Dramatist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Print. Greenblatt, Steven. Shakespeares Leap. New York Times. New York Times, 12 Sept. 2004. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. . GradeSaver. *Biography of William Shakespeare | List of Works, Study Guides Essays*. GradeSaver, 30 November 2012 Web. 30 November 2012. Mabillard, Amanda. Shakespeares Writing Style. Shakespeare Online. 20 Aug. 2000. (6 November 2012) . Magill, Frank N. Masterplots II. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem, 1986. Print.

Nanotechnology Applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nanotechnology Applications - Essay Example The rapid advancement in the field of nanotechnology calls for advance knowledge and research in its applications as well as the associated risks. Nanotechnology is currently the center fold of research and study. In consequence, the technology is rapidly growing in terms of advancements. The technology has immense potential for producing innovations and improvements in a variety of area in life; faster and smaller devices; increased product life cycle; mitigated use of harmful and scarce resources; improved health treatment, and faster, cleaner and safer manufacturing (Langwith, 2009). Nanotechnology entails the manipulation of matter at an atomic or molecular level with the aim of manufacturing novel devices and materials with new astonishing properties. The technology is not new rather it is the combination of knowledge from the amalgamation of multiple scientific disciplines to transform materials at the nano-scale. The research and studies done on the application of quantum mechanics enables nanotechnology to be revolutionary and innovative at the same time. It has been discovered that there is a momentous changes in the performance of matter when its surface area to volume ratio is dramatically increased. The behavior of materials is currently under the control of quantum physics instead of classical physics. For this reason, nano-structured material poses more favorable properties and abilities than the bulk material version. Polymers are considered insulators in their bulk form but nanotechnology transforms them into semiconductor at nanoscale (Langwith, 2009). Medicine: In medicine, nanotechnology has been employed to develop nano-particles capable of delivering drugs to the diseased cell. The machinery has also aided in the manufacture of bio-compatible materials which are used to make medical implants. The production of stents is significant in preventing artery blockage. Engineering: The

Large-Scale Biomass Combustion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Large-Scale Biomass Combustion - Essay Example It possesses a significant need in everyday life. For instance, energy is being used for various activities that include the execution of cars for moving one place to another and televisions for the purpose of entertainment among others. Moreover, energy is also used for producing electricity and heat for different purposes. It has been apparently observed that a large percentage of energy is obtained from the combustion of biomass (Need, 2012). Â  In this paper, a critical discussion about the use of sustainable energy will be taken into concern. Moreover, the determination of large-scale business combustion as one of the sustainable options for energy generation will also be discussed in this paper. Â  Biomass Combustion is principally described as the method of burning through which 90% of the world’s energy is released to supply heat and energy services like material processing that includes food preparation, electricity, and transportation. It has been viewed as the process through which fuels are burnt with the help of oxygen (Overend, 2004). Â  Biomass combustion is considered as the oldest type of combustion that largely exploited by human beings. It is also regarded as one of the most complicated forms of the combustion system. This process of combustion entails the use of solid fuels in a multi-phase reaction system interacting with different mass fluxes. The prime understanding of the solid fuel combustion system reveals with reference to the fact that only fuel can burn and release heat. It has also been viewed that solids and liquids do not burn by themselves but consume heat in the process of drying which is required to be chemically transformed into fuel gas. There are several different materials that can be considered as biomass. These materials include solid wood, fats, and proteins (Overend, 2004).

Discussion on the Underground Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discussion on the Underground Economy - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to discuss the ramifications of the underground economy in the United States and the effects that this has had on the social and economic development of the country. The most logical place to start a discussion about the underground economy is with the job market. There are a growing number of people in the United States that have found themselves out of work in recent years. Still needing money to survive, however, these people turn to jobs for individuals or companies that will pay them cash for the services that they may provide. This negates the official hiring process and enables people to keep the money that they earn. Naturally, there are advantages and disadvantages to this phenomenon. There are those that make the claim that anytime a person has cash in their pockets, it is good overall for the economy. Bills can be paid, goods and services purchased and an overall feeling of economic well being and achieved realized by those who would otherwise rema in unemployed. In some ways, those working on a purely cash basis provide an infusion of money into the economy on a daily basis. Such individuals are more likely to be daily purchasers of food and other sundry items, while being less likely to save. In addition, proponents of the underground economy point out that taxes are still being paid every time that cash is paid for an item or service in the marketplace. Many others claim that this part of the underground economy is harmful to society in numerous ways. First of all, employment and income taxes go unpaid and unrealized. Subsequently, those working in the underground economy go without benefits of any sort. If they are injured on the job for example, they will likely have no insurance with which to take care of their medical bills and their ‘employer’ will likely not claim responsibility. In addition, there are no guarantees of work, no implied sick or holiday time, and little recourse if there is an employment di spute. In essence, workers in the underground economy are left on their own and largely unregulated. Even though the jobs may pay them a daily wage, they are not legal and such workers would have a difficult time making a complaint should one arise. While so called day laborers depend on their daily jobs to survive, they are often paid a wage that is lower than industry standard. In addition, those that employ the day laborers end up saving money that should be going to pay employment, income, unemployment, and service taxes. This is billions of dollars annually that does not make its way back into society. In addition, if the cash that is made by working in the United States (or in other underground economies around the world) goes unspent, or is sent abroad, then there is no direct benefit to the country as a whole in terms of tax revenue. This would negate the argument that even day laborers benefit the overall economy because of the money they spend on goods and services. For th at argument to carry weight, there would need to be proof that the amount of cash spent outpaces the money would have been collected in taxes. Needless to say, this would be a tough argument to win. Another aspect of the underground economy in any given country can be seen in the black market. This is a marketplace where goods or services are traded in a completely illegal manner. What makes the black market a part of the under

HPTLC Method for Determination of Edaravone

HPTLC Method for Determination of Edaravone Development and Validation of HPTLC Method for Determination of Edaravone in Bulk and in Injectable Dosage Form A simple, rapid, reliable and accurate high performance thin layer chromatography method has been developed for the estimation of Edaravone in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic development was carried out on aluminum plates, pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254, using a mixture of Toluene: Methanol (6:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °v/v) as mobile phase. Detection was carried out densitometrically at 254à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °nm. Theà °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦fvalue of analyte was found to be0.66 ±0.02. The method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification and specificity. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship with Ã… ¸2=0.9995 in the concentration range 200–600à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ng/spot. The % assay (Mean  ± S.D.) was found to be100.27 ±0.72. Accuracy of the method was accessed by percentage recovery and found to be99.77 ±0.71%. The m ethod is new, simple and economical for routine estimation of edaravone in bulk, pre-formulation studies and pharmaceutical formulation rapidly at low cost in routine analysis. Keywords: Edaravone, HPTLC, Pharmaceutical dosage form 1. Introduction Edaravone [EDA] is a neuroprotective agent  used for the purpose of aiding  neurological  recovery  following acut ebrain ischemia and subsequent  cerebral infarction. Chemically, it is 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one. [1]. It is a strong novel free radical scavenger, was developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (Osaka, Japan). It acts as a  potentantioxidant, protecting against  oxidative stress  and  neuronal  apoptosis Furthermore, edaravone has anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic, and anti-inflammatory cytokine effects, as well as scavenging free radicals in cardiovascular diseases and stroke, showing protective effects in the heart, vessel, and brain in experimental studies [2-5] Different methods have been reported for the determination of EDA in the bulk drug, in the dosage forms and in biological samples. HPLC [6-7] and potentiometric titrations [8] methods are available for determination of the analyte in bulk drug and formulation. RP-HPLC [9], RP- HPTLC [10] and LC-MS/MS [11] methods are reported for determination in biological samples. The literature survey revealed that HPTLC method is not reported for determination of EDA in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The present study describes the development and validation of a simple, specific, sensitive, accurate, precise, and economical HPTLC method for determination of EDA in bulk and injectable dosage form. The proposed method is optimized and validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines [12,13]. Fig 1: Edaravone 2. Experimental 2.1 Reagents and chemicals Edaravone was kindly gifted from Sun Pharmaceuticals, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. Edaravone injection was obtained from commercial sources within their shelf life period. All the reagents and solvents used were of analytical grade and obtained from Merck Chemicals. 2.2. Instrumentation and chromatographic conditions Chromatography was performed on 20cmÃâ€"10cm aluminum foil plates precoated with 0.2mm layers of silica gel 60 F254 (E. Merck, Germany). The plates were prewashed with methanol and water mixture, dried in the current of dry air and activated at 120 °C for 5min. Samples were applied as bands 6mm wide, by use of a CAMAG (Switzerland) Linomat 5 applicator with a CAMAG microliter syringe. A constant application rate of 150nLs−1was employed. Linear ascending development was performed in a twin-trough glass chamberwith mobile phase consisted of toluene: methanol (6:4 v/v), which gave sharp and symmetrical peak withà °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦f0.66 + 0.02. The optimized chamber saturation time was 15 min at room temperature (25à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"C ±2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"C) and relative humidity60% ±5%. After development, the plates were dried. Densitometric scanning, at 254 nm, was performed with a CAMAG TLC scanner 4 in absorbance mode. The source of radiation was a deuterium lamp emitting a cont inuous UV spectrum in the range of 190–400 nm. 2.3. Preparation of Standard Stock Solution An accurately weighed quantity of 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °mg EDA was transferred to 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °mL volumetric flasks, dissolved in methanol, and volume was made up to mark with the same solvent to obtain a working standard having concentration 1000à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ngà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃŽ ¼L−1. 2.4. Optimization of mobile phase Initially, different ratios of methanol and toluene were tried, but tailing of spots was observed. Finally, the mobile phasecomprising of toluene:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °methanolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °(6:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °v/v) gives good resolution, sharp and symmetrical peak withà °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹value of 0.63 at 254à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °nm. Figure 2: Chromatogram of standard Edaravone: (Rf = 0.63). 3. Result and discussion Validation of HPTLC method: The proposed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines in terms of its linearity, accuracy, specificity, intraday and interday precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). 3.1. Linearity (Calibration Curve) The amount of standard solution equivalent to 200-600 ng/spot of EDA was spotted on the prewashed TLC plates. The plates were developed, dried and scanned as described above. The calibration plot was constructed by plotting peak areas against the corresponding concentrations (ng/spot) of EDA. The linearity of response for EDA was assessed in the concentration range 200-600 ng/spot in terms of slope, intercept and correlation coefficient values. The calibration plot showed the correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.999), the intercept (5.838) and the slope (703.3) over the concentration range of 200-600 ng/spot (Fig. 2). The results of regression analysis are shown inTable 1. 3.2 Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the drug were derived by calculating the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N, i.e., 3.3 for LOD and 10 for LOQ) using the following equations designated by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines LOD = 3.3 Ãâ€" ÏÆ'/S LOQ = 10 Ãâ€" ÏÆ'/S Where, ÏÆ' = the standard deviation of the response and S = slope of the calibration curve. 3.3 Range Suitable levels of precision and accuracy have been demonstrated between the upper and lower concentration limit of linearity under study. 3.4 Precision: The intra-day and inter-day variation for the determination of EDA was carried out at three different concentration levels 400, 600, 800 ng/spot. Intra-day variations were assessed by analyzing these concentrations in triplicate within a day and inter-day variation was assessed by using the same concentration of drug and analyzing it different days and time. Accuracy: The accuracy of the method was determined by the use of standard addition at three different levels. The pre analyzed sample solution of 400 ng/spot of EDA was spiked with extra amount equivalent to 80 %, 100 % and 120 % of the standard edaravone and the mixtures were analyzed by the proposed method. The experiment was conducted in triplicate. When these solutions were analyzed the recoveries were found to be within acceptable limits (Table 1). Specificity The mobile phase was optimized and it showed good result. There was no interference of diluents and other constituent’s in determining peak purity. This method is specific. Conclusion A new HPTLC method has been developed for the identification and quantification of EDA. Low cost, faster speed, and satisfactory precision and accuracy are the main features of this method. The method was successfully validated as per ICH guidelines and statistical analysis proves that the method is sensitive, specific, and repeatable. It can be conveniently employed for routine quality control analysis of EDA as bulk drug and in marketed injectable formulation. Acknowledgments The authors express their gratitude to Sun Pharmaceuticals Vadodara, Gujarat, India for providing a gift sample of Edaravone, the Management of Pioneer Pharmacy Degree College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, and Anchrom Test lab Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, Maharastra, India, for providing the necessary facilities. References Japanese Pharmacopoeial Forum, sixteenth edition, March 2012 Vol.21 (1), pp. 701-702. Doherty, Annette M, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 37, Boston: Academic Press. Watanabe T, Tanaka M, Watanabe K, Takamatsu Y, Tobe A,â€Å"Research and development of the free radical scavenger edaravone as a neuroprotectant.Yakugaku Zasshi, March 2004,124(3): 99–111. Higashi Y, Jitsuiki D, Chayama K, Yoshizumi M (January 2006). Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a novel free radical scavenger, for treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery1(1): 85–93. Kikuchi, K.; Miura, N.; Kawahara, K.; Murai, Y.; Morioka, M.; Lapchak, P.; Tanaka, E. Edaravone (radicut), a free radical scavenger, is a potentially useful addition to thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke (review). Biomed. Rep. 2013, 1, 7–12. George Lunn Hplc Methods For Recently Approved Pharmaceuticals A John Wiley Sons, Inc., Publication; P.p 204-206. XIA Ya Jun, ZHANG Xiao Ping Determination of Edaravone Injection by HPLC: Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals; Chinese journal of pharmaceuticals; 34; 352-353 ZHANG Fu-Cheng, TIAN Shu -Xia, JIANG Ye Comparison Of Two Potentiometric Titration Determinations Of edaravone [j]; Chinese Journal Of Pharmaceuticals; 2005-09 WEI Min, XIAO Yi (Guangxi Liuzhou Municipal People s Hospital, Liuzhou 545001, China); Determination of the Concentration of Edaravone in Human Serum by RP-HPLC [J]; China Pharmacy; 2007-08 M. Gandhimathi, M. Saravana Kumar, R. Baghla and T. K. Ravi RP-HPTLC Method for theIn VitroEstimation of Edaravone in Human PlasmaIndian Pharmaceutical Association Convention Volume: 72Issue: 2 P.p: 276-282 GU Li-Qiang XIN Yan-Fei ZHANG Sheng WEN Lei YANG Shi-Bao, HU Xiao-ling, XUAN Yao-Xian; Determination of edaravone in plasma of Beagle dog by LC-MS/MS [A]; [C]; 2009 ICH-Guidelines Q2A, â€Å"Validation of Analytical Procedures: Definition and terminology,† (CPMP III/5626/94), Geneva, Switzerland, 1995. ICH-Guidelines Q2B, â€Å"Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology,† (CPMP/ICH/281/95) Geneva, Switzerland 1996.

Design of Gsm Based Power Management

Abstract Monitoring of power has been a neglected area in developing countries particularly, Nigeria. Most of these developing countries have always been facing the problem of irregular power supply not because they do not have the capacity to generate the required electricity supply but failure to manage or monitor power consumption by their appliances. The lack of power management result in the development of a GSM based power management system. This system allows monitoring and control power consumption by household appliances.The GSM technology is well deployed in most developed countries due to its features like easy interfacing with appliances via radio frequency, accessibility at remote area. In this paper, software and hardware were developed. The software allows the user of the system to request for an action from the hardware components. The micro-controller is connected with GSM and relays each of which controls its connected power outlets. GSM – based power managem ent is convenient, more secure, less costly and user – friendly for end user. It is very useful in the area of power management.Keyword: GSM, Power, Network, Electricity. Introduction Power management has been an area of neglect mostly in the developing nations of the world. Most developing countries have always been batling with the problem of constant power supply not because they do not have the capacity to generate the required electricity supply but because they have failed in their culture of management. Management has been an issue with developing countries. That is the main difference between developed countries and developing countries, Nigeria being a developing country, is not any better.It is also affected with the poor management virus and power is also part of the things marjoly mismanaged in this part of the world. Timo (2002) researches and studies have shown that Nigeria is one of the blessed countries in terms of natural resources but due to poor management culture we have failed as a nation in harnessing them properly, and for the resources we have harnessed we have refused to gain a total control over them. Often times, people consume power without being made responsible for it.Responsibility in this sense goes beyond the payment of bills which is being calculated by estimation which is done by the power regulating body the power holding company of Nigeria. In view of this problem, the power holding company of Nigeria which is the power regulating body of the country (Nigeria) tried to curb this power consumption mismanagement issue by introducing an electronic digitized meter which is pre-paid and it is called a pre paid meter. With the introduction of pre-paid meter billing system to consumers, their power consumption have changed and have increased tremendously.The billing system have became outrageous so there has been an issue of how to manage power by a household in order to be able to consume a specific amount of power so that bills will be strictly based on the amount of power consumed. Limitation This design is only implemented for a home that does not consume more than 200w of power. It has been designed to accommodate only four appliances whose sum total of power rating must not exceed 200w GSM Technology As mentioned by Timo (2002), GSM is widely deployed and is a growing technology supporting a number of new applications being used for it.GSM is a digital cellular radio system that operates on two frequency bands 900 and 1800MHz. It is a European standard but now has been globally accepted, that reduces the cost of manufacturing and increases the market target. Standardizations are still evolving and so far they have had up to two phases: 1 and 2. (GSM Technical Specification, 2007) This evolution has achieved higher operational boundaries to what was expected at the birth of the technology. Some of the excepted features of the system are: High audio quality and integrating. High level of security preventing fraud and boasting confidentiality. -International and intersystem roaming. -Low cost infrastructure and interpretability with existing infrastructure. GSM Architecture A GSM system as defined could be thought of as a combination of three subsystems: Base station subsystem (BSS), Network subsystem and operational and maintenance subsystem (Vijay, K. G. , and Joseph, E. W. 2009). Base station subsystem is a radio link subsystem and is responsible for management of connection including handovers of calls from coverage area (cell) to cell.BSS is formed by a combination of mobile set (MS), Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC) several BTSs are connected and controlled by a single BSC. This single BSC is responsible for handover, radio link control and power control for transmission. ‘The network subsystem is the core of the GSM system. It controls mobility, switching and management of the subscriber. It consist of switching centre (MSC), Visit or Location Register (VLR), Home Location Register (HLR),Authentication Centre (AUC), and Equipment Identity Register (EIR).One MSC is communicating with number of BSCs, and therefore it is used for call setup, routing and handover between the two subsystems. Also for billing purposes MSC is in control’. (Siegmund, M. R. Matthins, K. W. and Malcolm W. O. 2005). The four data bases for control and network management are AUC, EIR, HLR, and VLR; they operate almost the same way. HLR is a database for mobile sets registered to a particular mobile network. And a MS is registered to only one HLR even if the network has many HLRs. This database is usually combined with the AUC. Together they are responsible for service profile and routine information.AUC verifies authenticity of the subscriber and provides the HLR with ciphering information for mobile transportation. VLR is usually combined with MSC and called MSC/VLR, provides location information to the servicing MSC. This is a da tabase of all roaming MS in a particular MSC, and database is updated as soon as a mobile set leaves the MSC. The HLR is notified of where the MS is, so that all the calls to that particular MS are re-routed correctly. This does not mean VLR cannot control call setup by itself, it has all the needed information and it acts like a moving HLR.EIR is a database that stores the identity of each MS. Each MS has a unique identifier called identity mobile equipment identity (IMEI). This database can be used to stop giving service to a stolen set. The operation and maintenance (OMC) subsystem is responsible for maintenance of the entire network and GSM equipment, therefore it needs to be connected to all equipment in the BSC and switching system. Also, communication with these equipment should be guaranteed so that at all times it can monitor and update the entire system.According to English, J. , Fielding, E. , and Howard, N. (2002), the network used to communicate is different from the on e subscribers are using; usually a fixed signaling network is used such as SS7, GSM network has also an optional part called short message service center (SMSC). This was developed after the realization that not only voice communication can be offered through network but also short message and data can be transmitted. Peter, H. A. (2007) defined short message as a message of less than or equal to 150 characters.The SMSC stores the sent messages until it can find the destination addressed in the message. The period of storing a message is dependent on the service provider. Fig 1 Overview of GSM architecture; Asha, M. (2006) Software Basically the response of the micro-controller to the signal or message from the GSM is being controlled through a program written in micro-basic which hardwired on the micro-controller. The user interface which allows the user to select appliance(s) to be turned OFF or ON was designed and coded in visual basic 6 languages.The choice of visual basic was d ue to its flexibility. This program communicates with the micro-controller by sending the option of the user (i. e. to turn on or off) through the one the messages from the monitoring phones to the micro-controller of which in turn effects the necessary action. The program was written in such a manner that the phone might require an administrator, which users’ personal can turn off appliances on which output he so desires to turn off at a particular point in time or allows automatically switches off appliances on ports according to priority.HardwareThis involves arrangement of several components which are integrated together to form a circuitry device that performs a function switching off and on ports which serves power to the following appliances. Working Operation of the Model The following are the components that constitute the block diagram of the model Fig. 2. Block Diagram of the Model Step-Down Transformer. Power is fed into the circuit through the mains and is step-d own to 12v which is the required voltage for the circuit. This is rectified using device and also filtered with the aid of a filtering capacitor.The essence of this is to convert the AC voltage from the mains to DC voltage because the micro-controller is powered by a DC source. The micro-controller requires just 5v to power, so the 12v is attempted using resistors (potential divider). Voltage Transformer This is used in measuring the voltage flowing through the appliance and is rectified using half-wave rectification and also filtered using a capacitor. The input impedance from the analogue signal must not be higher than 2km, the buffer amplifier is used to achieve this purpose. It has unity gain amplifier to ensure input is replicated at the output.The buffer amplifier consists of operational amplifier. Current Transformer This provides isolation and also steps down current. In practice, it is difficult to find a current transformer, so we made the primary side of a voltage transfo rmer to function as the secondary thereby making it work as current transformer. The analogue to digital circuit in the micro-controllers needs analogue voltage and not current, the current flowing is made to pass over a resistor to give a voltage that is proportional to the current flowing. This resistor is called the shunt resistor and should be as low as possible.This voltage measured is later converted to current through the aid of the code. Micro-Controller The micro-controller used here is the PIC16F877A type. It provides the following in the functions in the model. ? Digitization of both the current and voltage measured and the resultant power ? Multiplication of the measured parameters (current and voltage) to give power the current and voltage measure is fed into the micro-controller where the multiplier circuit embedded in it multiplies them to obtain power ? Conversion of binary digitals to BCD. The binary digits coming as output from the multiplier needs to be converted to BCD.The power that is being calculated is sent phone, and the program picks this up and compares it if it is within the limit of the power consumption that is allowed. If it is more than the limit, the administrators can switch off which ever appliance that is of lower priority to him or her. The phone might be put on automatic, which on its own turns off appliance based on its order of priority. Relay Switches When the computer does the comparison, it then sends a request back to the controller which in turn excites the relay that controls the appliance to be controlled, either to be turned OFF or ON.Seven Segment Display The BCD generated by the micro controller will be displayed on the seven segment display which eradicates the need for a seven segment decoder and its driver. Radio Frequency Communication between the phone and the microprocessor is achieved by radio frequency technology used by the GSM. Initial Testing and Setting of the Model The monitoring phone must be conf igured with the application used and it must support it. The application configured onto the GSM has a default number which will be allowed to communicate with the micro-controller.All the four appliances were set to OFF initially before they were being controlled by the GSM through the following steps. ? Go to the application from the mobile phone. ? Then mobile control menu from the application. ? Select mark or check on the appliance you wish to turn on. Software Implementation The operational implementation of the system is in software, meaning; its control is software based. The processor is programmed to be in continuous polling mode, meaning its operation is not triggered by an interrupt but rather continuously executing the code as long as it is powered.This kind of operation may be costly for non critical kinds of communication but good for real – time communication. As mentioned earlier that the starting of the system operation is when the GSM reads the message thro ugh reading RS232 port at the decided band rate, and convert it to BCD which the micro-controller understands. Hardware Implementation The implementation of hardware begins with the message received by the GSM phone which later converted to a BCD in form of tone and sent to the micro-controller. Microcontrollers in turn send signals to the relays to witch OFF or ON the particular appliances as the case may be. Sending Message to the Mobile Station Message could be sent to check the status and control the appliances from any other configured GSM paired with the base phone (i. e. connected with the circuit) Checking of the Status. To check for the status of the appliances from any distance, the steps to follow are the following: †¢ Open the contact option from the phone application. †¢ Go to the GSM contact to change destination number to defaulted number. †¢ Then go to appliance control. †¢ Type the request message using the format *MWM* status request# †¢ Pr ess sendThe status of the appliances will be automatically sent back to the GSM. Control of the Appliances from the Remote Area. The following steps must be followed when controlling the appliances: ? Open the contact option from the GSM application ? Go to the GSM contact to change destination number to the defaulted number. ? Then go to appliance control. ? Type the request message using the format *MWM* appliance number* action ON (1) or OFF (0) * acknowledgement# ? Press send. Performance of the Model The model built was tested by connecting four appliances whose sum total of power consumption was not more than 200w.The system worked perfectly well. Also we set the range of power consumption to 150w, this indicates that whenever appliances are connected to it and their sum total power consumption is more than 150w, then the user turns off any of the appliances or the system automatically turns it off or on. Conclusion and Recommendations From the design and the implementation of the system presented in this document, it can be concluded that GSM system could solve many of the challenges most developing countries are facing particularly the problem of misuse of power supply.Because of the flexibility and ease of the system design, GSM system could be adapted for any application ranging from control of appliances to monitoring remotely. Also, the high level of security of the GSM network is an advantage for securing data transmission; therefore this system should be implemented without fear of eavesdroppers for future this system can solve many technological challenges, for example a company manager could use his GSM set anywhere in the world and log data to his system allowing him to monitor power consumption in semi-real time to reduce cost.The system could be used in manufacturing industry, for example to monitor the consumption of power used by each equipment used for production thereby useful for cost benefit measurement. There are number of application s that could be developed with the system, and for further security measures, the system could be developed such that it connects to severance cameras, allowing the user to visually see his assets at anytime, anywhere. Also, it would be nice to develop the system such that it can convert the message into voice so as to accommodate blind users.As mentioned earlier that this system is not complex to assemble, and the fact that the GSM technology is everywhere means it can be sold at an affordable price. References Asha, M. (2006) GSM System Engineering. New York: Artech House. Charles, R. K. Morris, M. (2001) Logic And Computer Design Fundamentals. London: Prentice Hall. English, J. Fielding, E. Howard, N (2002) Professional Communication 5th Edition Maidenhead; Open University Press.GSM Technical Specification(2007) Digital Cellular Telecommunications System. London: Croom Helm. Peter, H. A. (2007): Pic 16C84 – Outputting To A Serial Device Baltimore: Morgan State University. Siegmund, M. R. , Matthins, K. W. and Malcolm, W. O. (2005) An Introduction to GSM. Boston: Arteer Honge. Timo, H. Javier, R. and Juan Meler. (2002) GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance. New York: John Wiley and sons. Vijay, K. G. Joseph, E. W (2009) Principles and Applications of GSM. London: Prentice Hall. [pic]

By any other name

The title of Santha Rama Rau’s short story â€Å"By Any Other Name† refers to the character of Santha, who is a five and half year old Indian girl, which experiences discrimination for the first time while attending an Anglo-Indian school during the time period in which the British ruled India. Her mother had always home-schooled both her and her sister, Premila. When her mother gets ill, because her father is an officer of the civil service, they can attend this Anglo-Indian school for free.Her mother never wanted to send them to a British school and this is shown when she says â€Å"you can bury a dog’s tail for seven years, but it still comes out curly, you can a take a Britisher away from his home for a lifetime, and he still remains insular. † She is expressing you can try to change someone’s cultural background, but it won’t happen. She was also saying that the British wanted their own customs and were unable to accept or appreciate Ind ian customs.On Premila and Santha’s first day at the new school, they were told by headmistress their names were too hard for her to pronounce. She gives them the new names of Pamela and Cynthia. Her sister is silent and does not respond to this event, yet Santha says in a tiny voice she accepts the new name probably because she is scared to disagree. Santha believes when she is Cynthia, she does not have care about the day to day activities at school or her actions. The title â€Å"By Any Other Name† refers to Cynthia having to looseher identity and her cultural qualities to be at this school. This is supported by the event from the first day in class when she is asked what her name is and she replies â€Å"she does not know†. Even though she is very young, she knows her and the other Indian children must sit in the back of the class, because they are different then the British children. Cynthia tries to make friends with some of the dozen other Indian children at school. One of the four Indian children in the back of her class is the girl with braids.She notices immediately that even though the girl has the Indian jewelry, she wears a cotton dress like the other British to fit in. Also, when Cynthia goes to lunch she finds her sister and they eat traditional food from their lunchbox. Her sister Pamela notices that everyone else eats sandwiches like the British children. When they return home after their first day, Pamela requests they bring sandwiches. Pamela seems to be more at ease in trying to fit in at the school by changing their ways and their names to what is acceptable by the British school.Cynthia is definitely the character for which the title â€Å"By Any Other Name† is explaining. Cynthia is having a hard time dealing with the fact she is forced to go by another name. She must develop an alter ego to deal with this daily experience. She is also very aware of all the prejudices, which she is experiencing by observing ch ildren changing the way that they dress and where they have to sit in class. Also all Indian children have taken British names. She also notices you cannot become friends with the British children.That is simply out of the question. On the first day she has to take a test, Pamela completely changes her attitude from trying to fit in. She asks why the Indian children’s desks must be separated, but the British children do not have to be kept apart. She is told that â€Å"Indians cheat†. She immediately tells her sister grab your pencils and lets go. They struggle through a long walk and heat to return home. Santha is so relieved to be home with her mother and her maid. She is so happy to leave the persona of Cynthia behind and become Santha again.

The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa Essay Example

The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa Essay Example The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa Paper The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa Paper Essay Topic: History The Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa, German king and Holy Roman Emperor had a huge impact on medieval Germany during the 12th century. The question of ecclesiastical versus secular power broke out during the emperors reign at a time when Germany was considered to be the strongest monarchy, having authority in Italy and the rest of the Roman Empire. The time was right at Frederick Barbarossas accession in 1152 to restore imperial authority in Italy which had been in demise since the Investiture contest. However this goal threw the Holy Roman emperor into a conflict with the papacy, an obstacle that would prove too hard to overcome in order to achieve all that which the emperor thought was denied to him. However the Papacy also paid a price for holding Frederick in opposition. The Italian policies were far too extent and were finished incomplete. The emperors Italian policies at which he aimed to retrieve from the papacy what he thought he was entitled to, were controversial but innovative. Frederick aimed, with the help of Chancellor Rainald of Dassel to reconstruct the Holy Roman Empire to return it to the glory days of Rome and exercise the authority that the Ottonian emperors had done. 1This battle for land was in essence a way to increase his revenues so he could keep what power he had in Germany over his most influential vassals, something his imperial court pursued vigorously. The authority over the Papal States in such a feudal system meant in theory he was ruler of Rome, but ever since the Commune directed against the papacy had been established in 1143 in Rome the debate had been vociferous and complicated. This would not only create a united and strong empire, it would also question the role of regalia in the papacy. This great design2 was declared openly to the church in 1158 with the Roncaglia decrees. The papacy was angry at this break from the Peace of Constance of 1153, (at which they had been allies) and his determination to exercise authority, especially in central and Northern Italy, proclaimed in the Roncaglia decrees. 3 The Roncaglia decrees proclaimed he would resume all regalia, entire power of Bannus; full exercise of jurisdiction over all matters affecting property, life and liberty. This antagonism, the papacy felt went against the authority of God since the church should have authority over everything, and it resulted in a break of the papal alliance and a schism amongst the church. The papacy highly opposed the independence of many Lombard cities and would not allow any increase in imperial power in Italy. 4 The emperor began his Italian policy swiftly, completing four campaigns into Italy in 1164 and supporting many imperial popes during the 1160s. Even earlier he had established imperial rule in Milan, during the time of Hadrian IV, with little opposition from the papacy5 but Milan found allies in the communes of Brescia and Piacenza. Milan was taken in 1162 and later destroyed which narrowed the anti-imperial coalitions prospect for success, while he forced Alexander III into exile and enthroned Paschal III, a German in St. Peters in 1167. 6 The opposition of the Papacy to the Italian policy began with the succession of Alexander III, the emperors most formidable opponent. The papacy had already found allies in the Lombard city of Milan after the Roncaglia Decrees. Imperial rule over Milan was quickly answered two years after Frederick had taken Milan 8when Manual I, the Byzantine emperor organised an opposition in Venice, the League of Verona with its allies Verona, Padua and Vicenza, including the Norman King. This proved to perhaps achieve the greatest success in opposing the Italian policies of Frederick Barbarossa in Nor thern and Central Italy. The papacy went further in opposition under the politics of Alexander III by excommunicating the emperor after he established Paschal III as pope. The papacy then continued in its opposition in 1167 when the Imperial army was defeated outside Rome, by extending the League of Verona by allying itself into the Lombard League in 1167, while at the same time the pope contributed large sums of money. This proved to wreck many of Fredericks ambitions and gain support for the papacy. Alexander III gained the support of France and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, while in Denmark and Poland the remaining allies of the imperial pope were exiled. 10 A year later Alexander was able to establish the city of Alessandria with the help of the League. The city of Alessandria was to the emperor a symbol of papal achievement, and although efforts for settlement with the pope continued, the presence of the Lombard League was something the emperor could not allow during peace. The Italian policy again prevaile d with the fifth campaign in 1174 against Alessandria. The emperor again faced defeat and was able to make peace in Montebello with the League, but the Italian policy once again got in the way when Frederick could not accept the inclusion of Alexander III in the peace. Fredericks stubbornness in following his Italian policies (even in opposition to the papacy) however was weakened and a small success was granted to Alexander. The battle of Legnano in 1176 resulted in a near complete destruction of the imperial supremacy in Italy and convinced the emperor to reconcile with the pope. 1 Negotiations at Anagni achieved a far reaching settlement 12 between emperor and pope. The emperor was forced to renounce the Matildine lands and ally with Alexander. He granted some independence to the cities he controlled in Italy and accepted the role of overlord. At this stage the Italian policies of Frederick had failed and the papacy was triumphant. The new relations with the pope had not destroyed the Italian policy, but had instead ended this period of conflict in the Peace of Venice in 1177. Compromise was the aim of both Pope and emperor at the Peace of Venice. Frederick gave up his idea of domination of Italy in return he remained in control of the German church, evidence that the papacy was not as successful in exercising the idea of a papal monarchy and that much strain had been put on its authority over this period. 13 Peace with the Lombard league and Norman King however was not entirely a defeat of the Italian policy, it had taken away much of the authority of Fredericks in Northern Italy but it had left him the authority of the German church, although this was not in Italy it meant the papacy was back where it started. Fredericks policy became focused on the Matildine lands and central Italy. The Peace was broken when Frederick continued his Italian policy in the 1180s; it was the price of silence over many issues (at the treaty of Venice) which were to give rise to the troubles. 14 Frederick revenged the battle of Legnano in 1180 which was later followed by the peace of Constance in 1183. 15 The Peace of Constance meant Frederick was forced to allow the members of the League to have extensive constitutional independence within the city walls and the city territory. But Fredericks rights which could make large financial profits within the city remained. However with the death of Alexander in 1181 there followed a line of passive popes who complied with the emperor during his last Italian campaign (118-6) thus strengthening his influence in Lombardy. By 1189 compromise was again on the table and the papacy was granted a number of places in the Patrimony of St. Peter, reestablishing the area around Rome as a Papal domain. The papacy was left surrounded at the death of Frederick Barbarossa in 1190 when his son Henry VI became engaged to the heiress of the Norman Kingdom of Southern Italy. Frederick still held administrative power in some parts of central Italy but his Italian policy had failed. The Italian policy had failed because it did not answer the question of ecclesiastical versus imperial authority. Frederick Barbarosssas plans of supreme domination over the entire Holy Roman empire were not achieved, but though he yielded much of what he wished to gain it is not to say either that the papacy was entirely successful. ) It had radically altered the place of the papacy in the church16 and left the Holy Roman emperors successors with many claims unanswered. The hard line of Alexander III had not been continued and the emperor was left for sometime unopposed. The Lombard communes can be recognised as the real reason the papacy emerged successful 17 but still the papacy had the future to deal with, a future that found them surrounded by the Holy Roman Emperors authority. Both the emperor and the Papacy paid the price of conflict, but the Papacy was successful enough to immobilise the Italian Policy of Frederick Barbarossa.

Free Essays on Hide Away Island

Hide Away Island Slowly I rowed my canoe toward Hide Away Island, my island. The oars glided gently over the water making ripples. If you had been standing on the shore looking at the scene, I’m sure you would have found it very beautiful. The water reflected the setting sun, and overhead birds flew. I didn’t take the time to enjoy the beauty though, because I know with each stroke of the oars, I got closer to my destination. The minute my canoe scraped the sandy ground, I let out, and tied it securely to a branch. Grabbing my pack, I began my journey to my fort. I first built the fort when I was ten, all by myself, but the fort was really Chad’s idea. Chad was my big brother. He’s the one who really discovered Hide Away Island, but he shared it with me. It was our secret, mom, and dad never knew about it. They still don’t know. Of course, they never did bother much with us; they’re always too busy arguing with each other. Vacations here at Lake Patoka were supposed to bring us together, but it seems like they just make mom, and dad fight more. Chad and I would go to Hide Away Island just to get away from them. Now I go alone. As I approach the fort a sense of relief sweeps over me. I set down my gear, and begin to settle in for the night. â€Å"Want some help?† a voice said startling me. I looked up, and saw a boy about my age standing there. â€Å"Sorry if I scared you,† he apologized. â€Å"You didn’t, and no, I don’t want help,† I said getting back to my work. â€Å"Yeah, I Guess I didn’t scare you,† he said not going away. â€Å"After all, you need to be really brave to spend the night here, on Bamboozle Island,† he said as I rolled out my sleeping bag. â€Å"It’s Hide Away Island, not Bamboozle Island,† I corrected. â€Å"No, its real name is Bamboozle Island. It’s a pretty interesting story, if you want to hear it,† he said, and continued without waiting for my answer. â€Å"It got its name way before the Rev... Free Essays on Hide Away Island Free Essays on Hide Away Island Hide Away Island Slowly I rowed my canoe toward Hide Away Island, my island. The oars glided gently over the water making ripples. If you had been standing on the shore looking at the scene, I’m sure you would have found it very beautiful. The water reflected the setting sun, and overhead birds flew. I didn’t take the time to enjoy the beauty though, because I know with each stroke of the oars, I got closer to my destination. The minute my canoe scraped the sandy ground, I let out, and tied it securely to a branch. Grabbing my pack, I began my journey to my fort. I first built the fort when I was ten, all by myself, but the fort was really Chad’s idea. Chad was my big brother. He’s the one who really discovered Hide Away Island, but he shared it with me. It was our secret, mom, and dad never knew about it. They still don’t know. Of course, they never did bother much with us; they’re always too busy arguing with each other. Vacations here at Lake Patoka were supposed to bring us together, but it seems like they just make mom, and dad fight more. Chad and I would go to Hide Away Island just to get away from them. Now I go alone. As I approach the fort a sense of relief sweeps over me. I set down my gear, and begin to settle in for the night. â€Å"Want some help?† a voice said startling me. I looked up, and saw a boy about my age standing there. â€Å"Sorry if I scared you,† he apologized. â€Å"You didn’t, and no, I don’t want help,† I said getting back to my work. â€Å"Yeah, I Guess I didn’t scare you,† he said not going away. â€Å"After all, you need to be really brave to spend the night here, on Bamboozle Island,† he said as I rolled out my sleeping bag. â€Å"It’s Hide Away Island, not Bamboozle Island,† I corrected. â€Å"No, its real name is Bamboozle Island. It’s a pretty interesting story, if you want to hear it,† he said, and continued without waiting for my answer. â€Å"It got its name way before the Rev...

Reflective Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflective Assignment - Essay Example Reid (1993) posits to the effect that a reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice. Having undertaken the Glo-bus business simulation in a team from early October 2012 up to the end of January 2013, the aim of this report is to carry a reflective analysis of the experience I gained from working in this team. This simulation game was supposed to put us in a realistic and competitive market setting as well as to try to manage the company’s operations. The decisions made were supposed to be evaluated against the decisions made by other competitors comprised of other class members. In order to win the simulation, teamwork is a virtue. From the Glo-bus business simulation, I can safely say that we attained something positive though we also encountered negative aspects in our team. Therefore, I would like to start by reflecting on the things we have done well and I will also reflect on the areas that were badly done. The main part of the paper will focus on the theoretical framework of the concept of teamwork as well as to reflect the measures that can be taken to improve the success of teams in organizations. Summary of the simulation game My team was comprised of Anyta Burton, Vira Yurcheto, Muntazer Mohammad, Agil Mohastov and myself. In this team, we were supposed to log on to Glo-bus and familiarise ourselves with the system. We were also supposed to work on the weaknesses identified as a team in order to improve the performance of Glo-bus. We were also supposed to have periodic group meetings that were designed to reflect on the progress made as well as to highlight the areas that needed some sort of improvement. The major strength in our team is that our communication system was clear and open and there was mutual understanding among all members. The team leader played an active role in coordinating as well as controlling all communication processes in the group. All decisions made in the group were reached through consensus and consultations among all members of the team were held prior to the implementation of the decision agreed. We realised that this strategy was very effective in dealing with aspects related to conflicts among the members of the team. The other strength is that we managed to influence all the members of the group to have a positive sense towards the simulation process that we carried out. Indeed, we encountered some challenges in carrying out this exercise but to a certain extent, it can be noted that the combined efforts of the group members played a significant role in carrying out the simulation exercise. The main weakness we encountered in our team is that some of the members were not very confident in what they were doing. This certainly impacted the overall performance of the team. We identified seven weaknesses that were supposed to be dealt with. Only two of them were solved while the remaining five requi red solutions from us as a team. The problem here is that team members like Agile lacked confidence in themselves and they did not effectively play their role. For instance, Mo was backing Agile Mohastov after realising that he was slack in his performance. We also had little confidence in him that he would perform to a high level of performance and requirement. This certainly i

Business memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business memo - Essay Example This makes it possible for people to understand what kind of information they are likely to find under each sector. The website also contains a list these sectors at the top of the website. This is another strategy that makes access of information faster by eliminating any information that may be irrelevant to the reader. Although Magna Carta’s website may appear perfect to most people, it is possible to make certain adjustments to improve its reader-centered communication. For instance, the college can highlight more of the things that are likely to persuade the readers. For example, being an academic institution, most of the visitors to this website would be looking for courses that they can pursue. It would therefore be good to list some of these courses for visitors to see them even before searching the programmes sector. Showing pictures of some of the college’s buildings may also be persuasive to any interested